Английский язык (стр. 2 )

9)  Наша соседка, вероятно, не видела этой программы, она довольно редкая.

10)  Не может быть, чтобы вся группа легкомысленно отнеслась к подготовке семинара.

IX. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите выделенный абзац

Academic degree

Academic Degree is conferred by colleges and universities to indicate the completion of a course of study or the extent of academic achievement.

The hierarchy of degrees dates back to the universities of 13th-century Europe, which had faculties organized into guilds. Members of the faculties were licensed to teach, and degrees were in effect the professional certifications that they had attained the guild status of a “master.” There was originally only one degree in European higher education, that of master or doctor.

The baccalaureate, or bachelor's degree, was originally simply a stage toward mastership and was awarded to a candidate who had studied the prescribed texts in the trivium (grammar, rhetoric, and logic) for three or four years and had successfully passed examinations held by his masters. The holder of the bachelor's degree had thus completed the first stage of academic life and was enabled to proceed with a course of study for the degree of master or doctor. After completing those studies, he was examined by the chancellor's board and by the faculty and, if successful, received a master's or doctor's degree, which admitted him into the teachers' guild and was a certificate of fitness to teach at any university.

The terms master, doctor, and professor were all equivalent. The degree of doctor of civil law was first awarded at the University of Bologna in the second half of the 12th century, and similar degrees came to be awarded in canon law, medicine, grammar, logic, and philosophy. At the University of Paris, however, the term “master” was more commonly used, and the English universities of Oxford and Cambridge adopted the Parisian system. In many universities, the certified scholar in the faculties of arts or grammar was called a master, whereas in the faculties of philosophy, theology, medicine, and law he was called a doctor. Perhaps because it was necessary to become a master of arts before proceeding to the other studies, the doctorate came to be esteemed as the higher title. (The common Anglo-American degrees “master of arts” and “doctor of philosophy” stem from this usage.) In German universities, the titles master and doctor were also at first interchangeable, but the term doctor soon came to be applied to advanced degrees in all faculties, and the German usage was eventually adopted throughout the world.

In the United States and Great Britain, the modern gradation of academic degrees is usually bachelor (or baccalaureate), master, and doctor. The bachelor's degree marks the completion of undergraduate study, usually amounting to four years. The master's degree involves one to two years' additional study, while the doctorate usually involves a lengthier period of work. British and American universities customarily grant the bachelor's as the first degree in arts or sciences. After one or two more years of coursework, the second degree, M. A. or M. S., may be obtained by examination or the completion of a piece of research. At the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, holders of a B. A. can receive an M. A. six or seven years after entering the university simply by paying certain fees. The degree of doctor of philosophy (Ph. D.) is usually offered by all universities that admit advanced students and is granted after prolonged study and either examination or original research. A relatively new degree in the United States is that of associate, which is awarded by junior or community colleges after a two-year course of study; it has a relatively low status.

The rapid expansion of specialization produced a growing variety of specific academic degrees in American, British, and other English-speaking higher education systems in the 20th century. More than 1,500 different degrees are now awarded in the United States, for example, with the largest number in science, technology, engineering, medicine, and education. The commonest degrees, however, are still the B. A. and the B. S., to which the signature of a special field may be added (e. g., B. S.Pharm., or Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy). These special fields have their corresponding designations at the graduate levels.

X.Перепишите следующие слова и словосочетания и выпишите из текста их эквиваленты:

1)  звание

2)  присуждать

3)  указывать

4)  окончание

5)  получать

6)  первоначально

7)  ступень

8)  награждать

9)  продвинутый

10)  более длинный период

XI. Переведите следующие слова и найдите их синонимы:

1) show

2) end

3) department

4) initially

5) step

6) to finish

7) to get

8) alike

9) generally

10) use

XII.Дайте письменные ответы на следующие вопросы:

1)  What is an academic degree?

2)  How can M. A. or M. S. be obtained?

3)  What does Ph. D mean?

VARIANT II

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы, и переведите их на русский язык.

1)  State schools ought to provide people with a good level of education. It’s essential nowadays.

2)  This presentation can’t be the result of James’ individual effort! We don’t have make individual projects here!

3)  She needn’t reserve a seat – there will be plenty of room in the university hall tonight.

4)  Mum and Karen are to meet us at the entrance in half an hour.

5)  Out headmaster ought to get a medal for providing this quality of education.

II. Вставьте вместо точек модальный глагол mustn’t или don’t (doesn’t) have to. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1) You ………….. cross the street on the red light.

2) The professor is not coming tomorrow, so you also …………… come.

3) James …………… try to take the test any more if the deadline week is over, it will only leave bad impression.

4) I wish I could study abroad but it cost a fortune! - Use the education mobility program, in this case you …………… pay. It’s as simple as that.

5) You ………….. go abroad to study a foreign language. There are plenty of language schools here.

III. Вставьте вместо точек модальный глагол may, must или need. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1)  You …………… be over twenty-one to buy alcohol in the States.

2)  You have to write your tutor a note, otherwise she …………. forget.

3)  Do you …………… any help in planning schooling activities?

4)  Have you seen his car park? He ………… get good incentives from the college board if he can afford a Ferrari.

5)  Maggi tells that she …………… drop in next week if she finishes her project on direct benefit distribution on time.

IV.  Вставьте вместо точек модальные глаголы must, have to, be to, needn’t и правильную форму инфинитива, указанного в скобках. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1)  Because of the current situation with the labour market we ……….. recruit even more unprepared students than before.

2)  If you are not up to the ideas of existing practice in education mechanisms you ………… follow up the consequence.

3)  According to the expectation of high socio-economic status families by the age of 11-12 years their children …………. have some academic achievements.

4)  Most people who are well educated ………….. have children who are well educated.

5)  ……. we do it today? No you…………

V.  Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на английский язык.

1)  Я всегда мог грамотно писать.

2)  Сколько иностранных языков знает Хелен? – Она, вероятно, знает два иностранных языка.

3)  Думаю, что я, возможно, увижу Анну завтра.

4)  Мы должны разговаривать по-английски на уроках английского языка.

5)  Мне нужно тебе помогать? – Нет, спасибо, я всё сделаю сам

6)  Она может не ходить в библиотеку: я дам ей книгу.

7)  Они обязаны помочь вам в этой ситуации.

8)  Можно здесь курить? – Нет, нельзя.

9)  Сколько лет её брату? – Ему должно быть 30-35 лет.

10)  Ему незачем беспокоиться о ней.

VI. Вставьте вместо точек модальный глагол can (can't, could) и правильную форму инфинитива, указанного в скобках. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на правила перевода модальных глаголов с перфектным инфинитивом

1)  There was nothing in her folder yesterday, she ……… (give in) the work earlier.

2)  You’ve almost dropped the box, you …………. (damage) the computer inside.

3)  I didn’t know they were going to expel me for two exam failed! You …………. (foresee) the consequences.

4)  Maggi looks as if she needs our help. – She ……….. (ask) about it earlier.

5)  Your brother told us everything. – No way, he ………… (do) it!

VII.Вставьте вместо точек модальные глаголы should, must и правильную форму инфинитива, указанного в скобках. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на правила перевода модальных глаголов с перфектным инфинитивом