Иностранный язык (стр. 5 )

At first, many people were afraid of the railways. However, in 1842 the steam-powered railways were already in wide use in Britain. It should be said* that the gauge was not the same on all the railways. The famous English engineer Brunel considered that the** broader the gauge, the easily would the trains run. Following his advice the Great Western Company had constructed the railway network with a gauge of 7 feet. That is why for many years there were two gauges in England: the 7 feet suggested by Brunel and 4 feet 8½ inches, offered by Stephenson. It was inconvenient because where there was a break of gauges, delay was caused and time was wasted. Angry people wrote to the newspapers and demanded to change the broad gauge. At last in the House of Commons*** the broad gauge was described as a “national evil”. It was very difficult to alter the gauge as the engines, carriages, wagons were made for the broad gauge and more than 30 years “The Battle of the Gauges” lasted. Only in 1892 the Great Western Railways was converted to the standard gauge.

Notes: *it should be said – следует сказать

**the…, the – чем…, тем

***the House of Commons – Палата Общин

ВАРИАНТ 6

I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён групп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect в действительном и страдательном залогах.

1. He appeared on the platform just as the train was pulling out. 2. The construction of the first railway lines in Japan was guided by English engineers. Locomotives and cars were all imported from England too. 3. New freight transportation rates have been recently introduced in this country. 4. Air-conditioning system in a railway car ensures a constant supply of fresh air in hot weather and heating the entire saloon in cold weather. 5. The construction of new railway lines is always preceded by long and thorough surveying work.

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием - ing.

1. Two or more locomotives are used for pulling trains consisting of 80 freight cars. 2. At the large railway stations information about arriving and departing trains is announced over public address system. 3. When working out the project of the Moscow Metro, the Russian engineers made a careful study of the existing systems abroad. 4. Stopping fuel supply caused serious trouble in the engine. 5. In Russia, many people had doubts about the possibility of using steam engines in the Russian winter.

III. Перепишите предложения, употребив сказуемые, данные в скобках, в отрицательной форме. Полученные предложения переведите.

1. I was in such hurry this morning that I (had) time to phone you. 2. We (shall miss) the train if we take a taxi. 3. I (know) how to handle this machine. 4. Electricity has many useful properties: it (generates) by-products and (contaminates) the environment. 5. There (was) railway between the two cities and we took a bus to get from one to the other. 6. I should like to buy a new car but I (can afford) it now. 7. The first steam locomotive (moved) at a speed of 120 km/h.

IV. Перепишите и переведите текст.

TURKISH RAILWAYS

Turkish State Railways (TCDD) is a corporation, which plays an important role in the development of the Turkish economy. The history of the railways in Turkey began on 23 September 1856 when, by a decree of the Ottoman Sultan, a British company was awarded the privilege of constructing and operating a 130 km line between Izmir and Aydin. The corporation “National Railways” was established in 1923, when the country became a republic. Today the length of the railway network is 10,361 km, including 8,430 km of main lines and 1,931 km of secondary lines.

In almost 150 years of their history, Turkish Railways have undergone a number of changes. The new strategy includes plans for upgrading the existing lines and stations, modernizing rolling stock. Much is done to create a positive image among the public and attract customers to the railways. As a part of a new strategy, TCDD has purchased and put into operation new, more comfortable passenger carriages such as: - Fatih Expresi, new Pullman coaches of high comfort level, with aircraft-type seats, airconditioning and a modern lighting system. Lunch is offered during the journey;

- new coaches designed for modern business travelers. They consist of three doublerooms, a sitting room, a toilet, a bath and an American bar, with the atmosphere of a first class hotel on wheels. Some facilities such as telephone, fax and data modem terminals are also available to passengers;

- special sleeping cars provide the passengers with a high level of comfort and everything to make him feel at home;

- restaurant cars with improved quality Turkish food uphold the railway tradition of hospitality.

A system of different tariffs has been introduced for the different market segments to attract potential customers to the railways. Price reductions and special tours have been arranged for students, teachers, children and families. TCCD has laid special emphasis on tourist-oriented passenger transport organized in close cooperation with tourist agencies. Steam train excursions have been operated in some cities, providing comfortable services in an historical and nostalgic atmosphere. Special steam train tours have also been organized through sites of particular natural beauty.

ВАРИАНТ 7

I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление эквивалентов модальных глаголов (to be allowed to; to be able to; to be to; to have to). Подчеркните эквиваленты модальных глаголов в английских предложениях и в переводе.

1. Your car is in good condition but you have to replace worn-out tires. 2. Aircrafts are not able to carry a lot in weight and are used mainly for transporting mail, people and valuable goods. 3. We were to leave for England on Saturday but because of the delay with our visas, we had to book tickets for Monday. 4. He was allowed to use the mobile telephone. 5. You will have to throw away the broken umbrella; we will not be able to repair it.

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием –ing.

1. Talking on cellular phones while driving is very dangerous, that is why it is banned. 2. Around $1.2 billion is being spent on modernizing the 270 km suburban network of Sao Paolo (Brazil); this includes buying new trains, refurbishing existing stock, renewing signaling equipment, plus constructing new railway stations, rebuilding old ones and laying new tracks. 3. Finland has the same railway gauge as Russia that is why high-speed trains can cross the border without stopping. 4. The ore is transported from the mine to the processing plant by the railway. 5. Having worked at the railway for several years, Paul gained much experience in driving electric locos.

III. Перепишите и переведите данные словосочетания, обращая внимание на правила перевода определений, выраженных существительными.

1) the track maintenance cost; 2) the supersonic vertical take-off airplane; 3) the road traffic rules; 4) the new engine capacity; 5) a remote control device; 6) the two-berth compartment carriage; 7) the power supply system; 8) a rolling-stock repair plant; 9) an incandescent lamp; 10) the plush, aircraft-type seats.

IV. Перепишите и переведите текст.

INDIA’S RAILWAY PROJECT

The first plans for constructing a railway line along the west coast of India were proposed in 1880s, but they were not carried out because there were many problems with the technology of the day. A feeble attempt to extend the line from Bombay to Mangalore was made much later, however between 1964 and 1986 only 100 km of track were laid down. In 1990 the Konkan Railway Corporation was formed to build the remaining 760 km within five years. The new railway linking Bombay with Mangalore was inaugurated in 1996. It is 1127 km shorter than the old route.

The reduction in distance enabled the Konkan Railway to cut down the journey time. Even if trains run at a maximum of only 100 km/h, the journey time between Bombay and Mangalore will come down from 41 hours to 15 hours. Train speeds of 130 km/h or 160 km/h will provide timesavings that are even more spectacular. Besides, it had been estimated that fuel saving of more than Rs2 billion was achieved.

About 11% of line is in tunnels. These tunnels are equipped with sensors to monitor air pollution, temperature and visibility. The ventilation system is activated automatically via the data obtained from the sensors. The exact position of a train within the tunnel is indicated on a panel in the traffic control room* at the tunnel entrance. The Konkan Railway has the longest railway tunnel in India (its length is 6.5 km), the tallest viaduct in Asia (the 64 m – high). There

are 2,134 bridges on the line.

An integrated computerized system covering trains control and scheduling, ticketing, rolling stock monitoring has been developed for the line operation – another first for India. The Konkan Railway has a considerable impact on the lives of more than 10 million people who live in its adjacent area. Construction has already provided direct and indirect employment for a large number of people. The all-weather line provides a cheaper form of transport and accelerates industrial activity based on locally available minerals such as iron, ore, and bauxite. The scenic beauty of the area is exceptional and 160 km express trains are being planned between Bombay and Goa to stimulate tourism in the region.