The United States of America (стр. 2 )

давать рекомендации президенту

по вопросу

состоять из кого-либо

государственный секретарь

министр финансов

министр обороны

высшая судебная власть

Верховный суд

решать спор между штатами

наложить вето на закон

вноситься конгрессом

противоречить конституции

федерация

федеральное правительство

заниматься международными и

внутренними проблемами

правительство штата

заниматься местными вопросами

решение

национальный флаг США

теперешнее число штатов

Answer the questions:

1. What is the legislative power in the USA vested in?

2. What kind of person may be elected a senator?

3. How is a representative elected?

4. Who are the presiding officers of die Senate ad the House of Representatives?

5. How does the executive branch of the government function?

6. What is the judicial branch of the government headed by?

7. What are the functions of state governments?

8. What does the US national flag represent?

Translate into English:

I. В США законодательная власть осуществляется конгрессом, состоящим из сената и палаты представителей.

2 Палата представителей включает представителей от каждого штата, избираемых

сроком на два года.

3 Вице-президент - председатель сената, а выборный спикер - пред­седатель палаты представителей.

4 высший исполнительный орган состоит из президента, вице-пре­зидента и кабинета.

5, Президент, глава высшей исполнительной власти, избирается на 4 рода и назначает членов кабинета.

5. Кабинет состоит из руководителей 10 исполнительных департамен­тов и дает рекомендации президенту по многим вопросам.

7. Верховный суд решает спорные вопросы между штатами и мо­жет наложить вето на закон, если он противоречит конституции.

8. Правительство штата во главе с губернатором занимается местны­ми вопросами.

The Russian Federation

In area, the Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometres. It occupies most of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Russia stretches from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the East and from the Arctic Ocean in the North to the Black Sea and the Caucasus, the Altai, and the Sayan mountains, and the Amur and the Ussuri rivers in the South. It is bordered by Norway and Finland in the north-west, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and the Ukraine in the West, Georgia and Azerbaijan in the south-west, and Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China along the southern border. The federation comprises 21 republics.

The land of Russia varies from thick forests to barren deserts, from high peaked mountains to deep valleys. Russian Federation is located on two plains, Great Russian Plain and West Siberian Lowlanci. The longest mountain chains are the Urals, separating Europe from Asia, the Caucasus, the Altai. Russia's most important rivers are the Volga, Europe's biggest river, flowing into the Caspian Sea, the main Siberian rivers (the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena), and the Amur in the Far East, flowing into the Pacific Ocean. The total number of rivers in Russia is over two million. The world's deepest lake - Lake Baikal, with the depth of 1600 metres, is situated in Russia, too.

The climate in Russia varies from arctic in the north to continental in the central part of the country and subtropical in the south.

The current population of Russia is about 50 million people; 82 % of the population are Russians.

Russia is a highly-industrialized-agrarian republic. Its vast mineral resources include oil and natural gas, coal, iron, zinc, lead, nickel, aluminium, gold and other non-ferrous metals. Russia has the world's largest oil and natural gas resources. Three-quarters of the republic's Mineral wealth is concentrated in Siberia and the Far East.

Approximately 10 million people are engaged in agriculture and they Produce half of the region's grain, meat, milk and other dairy products. The largest granaries are located in the North Caucasus and the Volga aod the Amur regions.

The capital of the Russian Federation is Moscow, with the population of about 10 million people.

Russia is a constitutional republic, with President as Head of State.

The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly, consisting ^ the Council of Federation and the State Duma.

Topical Vocabulary

- total area

to occupy

to stretch from... to...

to be bordered by

to comprise smth.

- to vary from smth. to smth.

a barren desert

a high peaked mountain

a deep valley

to be located

a plain

a mountain chain

to separate Europe from Asia

to flow into

-climate

arctic

continental

subtropical

- the current population

- a highly-industrialized-agrarian

republic

vast mineral resources

to include oil and natural gas

coal

iron

zinc

lead

nickel

aluminium

gold

a non-ferrous metal

общая площадь

занимать

протянуться от... до...

граничить с (чем-либо)

включать что-либо

варьировать от чего-либо до чего-либо

бесплодная пустыня

горная вершина

глубокая долина

быть расположенным

равнина

горная цепь

отделять Европу от Азии

впадать (во что-либо)

климат

арктический

континентальный

субтропический

население на данный период

республика с высокоразвитой про­мышленностью и сельским хо­зяйством

богатые запасы полезных иско­паемых

включать нефть и природный газ

уголь

железо

цинк

свинец

никель

алюминий

золото

цветной металл

mineral wealth

- to be engaged in agriculture

to produce grain

a dairy product

a granary

- a constitutional republic

the legislative power

запасы полезных ископаемых быть занятым в сельском хозяйстве производить зерно молочный продукт житница

конституционная республика законодательная власть

осуществляться (чем-либо)

to be vested in

Answer the questions:

1. What territory does Russia occupy?

2. What countries is it bordered by?

3. What are the major plains, mountain chains and rivers of Russia?

4. How can you characterize Russia's climate?

5. What mineral resources does Russia possess?

6. What industries are developed in Russia?

7. What is the political system of Russia?

Translate into English:

1. Россия - самая большая страна в мире с общей площадью около 17 миллионов кв. км, расположена в Восточной Европе и северной ча­сти Азии.

2. Россия протянулась от Балтийского моря до Тихого Океана и от Северного Ледовитого Океана до Черного Моря.

3. С ней граничат Норвегия, Финляндия, Монголия, Китай и бывшие (former) республики СССР.

4. Волга, крупнейшая река России, впадает в Каспийское Море.

5. Среди крупнейших горных цепей России - Урал, отделяющий Ев­ропу от Азии.

6. Россия - страна с высокоразвитой промышленностью и сельским хозяйством, с богатейшими запасами полезных ископаемых.

7. Три четверти запасов полезных ископаемых республики сконцент­рировано в Сибири, в том числе нефть, природный газ, уголь, золото и Цветные металлы.

8. Население, занятое в сельском хозяйстве, производит зерно, мясо и полочные продукты.

9. Россия - президентская республика; законодательная власть в стра-не принадлежит Федеральному собранию.

State System of the Russian Federation

The Russian Federation is set up by the Constitution of 1993.

Under the Constitution Russia is apresidential republic. The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by the President.

The legislative poweris vested in the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation; the Lower Chamber is the State Duma.

Each chamberis headed by the Speaker. Legislature maybe initiated in either of the two Chambers. But to become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill

The President is commander-in-chiefofthe armed forces, he makes treaties, enforces laws, appoints ministers to be approved by the Federal Assembly.

The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is to form the Cabinet.

The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the regional courts.

The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a four-year period.

Today the state symbol of Russia is a three-coloured banner. It has three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the blue one stands for the sky, and the red one symbolizes liberty. It was the first state symbol that replaced the former symbols in 1991. The hymn of Russia is «The Patriotic Song» by M. Glinka. A new national emblem is a two-headed eagle. It is the most ancient symbol of Russia. It originates from the heraldic emblem of the Ruricovitches. All these symbols are official. They have been approved by the Federal Assembly.

Topical Vocabulary

- to be set up by smth.

- under the Constitution

быть учрежденным, основанным в соответствии с чем-либо

в соответствии с конституцией

a presidential republic

- the federal government

a branch

legislative

executive

judicial

to be checked by smbd.

to be balanced by smbd.

- to be vested in

the Federal Assembly

a chamber

the Council of Federation

- to be headed by the Speaker to initiate a legislature

to approve a bill

to be signed by smbd.

to veto the bill

- commander-in-chief the armed forces

to make a treaty to enforce a law to appoint a minister