The United States of America (стр. 3 )

- to belong to smbd. the Prime Minister on appointment

to form the Cabinet

- to be represented by smbd. the Constitutional Court

the Supreme Court a regional court

- to be elected by popular vote

- the state symbol

а banner

a hymn

а national emblem to originate from smth. the heraldic emblem of the Ruricovitches

резидентская республика федеральное правительство

власть (как часть правительства)

законодательный

исполнительный

судебный

контролироваться кем-либо

балансироваться, уравновеши­ваться кем-либо

осуществляться кем-либо

Федеральное собрание

палата

Совет Федерации

возглавляться спикером

внести законопроект

принять законопроект

быть подписанным кем-либо

наложить вето на законопроект

главнокомандующий

вооруженные силы

заключить договор

проводить закон в жизнь

назначить министра

принадлежать кому-либо

премьер-министр

после назначения

сформировать кабинет

быть представленным кем-либо

Конституционный суд

Верховный суд

региональный суд

быть избранным всенародным голосованием

государственный символ

знамя

гимн

национальный герб

происходить от чего-либо

родовой герб Рюриковичей

Answer the questions:

1. What does the federal government consist of?

2. What part does the President play in the government?

3. What is the legislative power vested in?

4. How does a bill become a law?

5. What are the functions of the President?

6. What are the executive and the judicial branches represented by?

7. What are the official symbols of Russia?

Translate into English:

1. Правительство Российской Федерации состоит из законодательной, ис­полнительной и судебной властей, подконтрольных президенту.

2. Законодательная власть осуществлятся Федеральным собранием, избираемым всенародным голосованием на 4 года.

3. Во главе каждой из палат стоит спикер.

4. Законопроект представляется на рассмотрение в одной из палат; потом одобряется обеими палатами и подписывается президентом.

5. Судебная власть представлена Конституционным судом, Верхов­ным судом и другими судами.

6. К государственным символам относятся флаг, гимн и герб.

Moscow

Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre.

Moscow is the largest metropolitan area in Russia with the population of about 10 million people, one of the largest cities in the world. The city is situated on low hills on the banks of the MosKva River. The original settlement was founded where the Kremlin now stands. Because of its central location in the heart of European Russia, Moscow became a focaJ point for important trade routes.

Moscow was first mentioned in the chronicles in 1147. It is the official date of the foundation of Moscow, though the settlement had been there for some time before. It was fortified and became a market town in the late 12th century. The town was almost totally destroyed in 1237 and 1293 during the Tatar invasion. In the early 14th century Moscow became the political and religious centre of the north-eastern part of Russia. It was again captured by the Tatars in the end of the 15th century,' ^loscow extended its rule over most of central and northern Russia. Its rulers continued to build fortifications around it.

The transfer of the capital by Peter the Great to St. Petersburg in 1712 brought a period of decline to Moscow. In 1812 came the Napoleon's conquest and the city was destroyed by fire. The city was rebuilt within a short period. In the 19 th century Moscow became a centre for industry and commerce, as well as a leading cultural, scientific and political centre.

Moscow is the seat of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Moscow is Russia's largest industrial city. Nearly 30 percent of the city's workforce is employed in industry and industrial research. Some of Russia's largest plants are located in or around Moscow. Metallurgy, metal processing and engineering are the largest industrial sectors. Other large sectors are textiles, clothing and footwear, chemical and petrochemical industries, electronic instruments and automation equipment.

Moscow, apart from its political, administrative and economic functions as the capital of Russia, is its leading cultural centre. It is the seat of the Academy of Sciences. Russia's largest University, over 80 scientific research institutions, technical colleges and academies of music and art are situated here. The city also contains the Russian State Library, with one of the largest and richest archives in the world, over 80 museums, the famous Bolshoi and Maly Theatres, opera and ballet. It is one of the world's largest publishing centres. Moscow is Russia's main tourist attraction.

Topical Vocabulary

- a political, economic, commercial,

and cultural centre - a metropolitan area

a settlement

to be founded central location to become a focal point a trade route

- to be mentioned in the chronicles

the official date of foundation

to be fortified

to become a market town

политический, экономический торговый и культурный центр

район, где расположен город

поселок упоминаться в хрониках

центральное положение стать фокусом, пересечением торговый путь

упоминаться в хрониках официальная дата основания

быть укрепленным

стать торговым городом

to be destroyed

the Tatar invasion

to be captured by the Tatars.

to extend its rule over smth.

to build fortifications

- the transfer of the capital to

a period of decline

the Napoleon's conquest

a centre for industry and commerce

- the seat of the government

- workforce

to be employed in smth.

metallurgy

metal processing

engineering

textiles

clothing

footwear

chemical and petrochemical industries

electronic instruments automation eguipment

- the Academy of Sciences

a scientific research institution

an archives

a publishing centre

a tourist attraction

быть разрушенным

татарское нашествие

быть захваченным татарами

распространить свою власть на (что-либо)

строить укрепления

перенести столицу в (какой-либо город)

период упадка

нашествие Наполеона

центр промышленности и торговли

местонахождение правительства

рабочая сила

быть занятым в чем-либо

металлургия

металообработка

машиностроение

ткани

одежда

обувь

химическая и нефтехимическая промышленность

электронные станки

автоматика

Академия наук

научно-исследовательский инсти­тут

архив

центр издательского дела

предмет интереса туристов

Answer the questions:

1. What part does Moscow play in the life of Russia?

2. What was Moscow's history before the 18th century?

3. What happened to the city in the 19th century?

4. How can you prove that Moscow is the largest industrial city in the country?

5. How can you characterize the city's role as a cultural centre?

Translate into English:

1. Москва - крупнейший город в России; в Москве пересекаются цногие важные торговые пути.

2. Официальная дата основания Москвы - это дата первого упоми­нания Москвы в летописях.

3. Сначала Москва была поселком; позже город был укреплен и стал торговым центром.

4. Из-за центрального положения Москвы в европейской части Рос­сии город стал торговым, политическим и религиозным центром России.

5. Москва была несколько раз захвачена и разрушена: татарами в 13 и 14 веках, французами в 19 веке.

6. Перенос столицы в Санкт-Петербург привел Москву к упадку.

7. Москва - промышленный и торговый центр, местонахождение правительства Российской Федерации.

8. Рабочая сила столицы занята в металлургии, металлообработке, машиностроении, химической и нефтехимической промышленнос­ти и других отраслях.

9. В Москве находятся около 80 НИИ, Академия наук, Российская государственная библиотека с крупнейшим архивом.

10. Москва - центр издательского дела.

Schooling in the United States

Americans have shown a great concern for education since early colonial times. Today, there are some 43 million pupils and students in public schools at the elementary and secondary levels, and another 6 million in private schools throughout the country.

The USA does not have a national system of education. The function of the Federal Department of Education is merely to gather information, to advise and help finance some educational programs. All educational matters are left to individual states. 50 states are free to determine its own system for its own public school. In 1986,50 percent of the funds for elementary and secondary education came from state sources, 43 from local funds, and only 6 % from the federal government.

There are two major types of schools in the USA - public and private, or fee-paying. Four out of five private schools are run by churches, synagogues and other religious groups.

Most schools start at nursery level at the age of 3. Elementary education starts at me age of 6 and continues ti\l 10-11 years. Secondary education is provided from the age of 11-12 years. Intermediate school includes grades 6 through 9 for ages 11 (12) up to 14(15) years. Schools of this stage are called intermediate schools or junior high schools.

A senior high school may include grades 9 through 12 or 10 through 12. Senior high schools in the United States can be classified in 3 major categories according to program. A senior high school may be comprehensive, general, or vocational. A comprehensive school is open to all youths of a community area and offers a broad program of academic, prevocational and vocational education.

A general school is also open, but it offers a more limited program. Extensive program of prevocational or vocational courses and advanced courses in academic studies are usually excluded.

A vocational school is for students of the community who are interested in its specialized area of training and a program of general education.