Контрольная работа для студентов геологического факультета 1 курс
1 семестр
1.1.1Закончите предложения, используя один из приведенных глаголов в нужной форме. Например:
hear
The music at the party was very loud and __________ from far away.
The music at the party was very loud and WAS HEARD from far away.
Arrest, wake, knock, check translate, find, drive, make, spend carry.
1. A decision will not _______________ until the next meeting.
2. That old building was dangerous. So it ___________ down.
3. When you go through customs, you luggage ___________ by the customs officer.
4. In the morning I _____________ by my alarm clock.
5. Next year her new book ______________ into a number of foreign languages.
6. John kicked a policeman, so he ____________.
7. After a long search the missing boy _____________ in the forest near the town.
8. Many people think that today too much money ________________ on arms. (arms - зд. оружие.)
9. The injured man couldn't walk, so he _____________ by the hospital orderlies.
10. I don't mind driving but I like when I _______________ by other people.
1.1.2 Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения; определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола – сказуемого:
The word “science” is derived from the Latin word, “scire” to know, to experience.
He said the paper had been published in the latest issue of the Journal “Man and Environment”. The word “scientist” was introduced only in 1840. A scientist generalizes from various observations and measurements, the relationships and laws that have been accumulated, to develop theories. Their communication will be carried out through the scientific literature, in scientific meetings and in various discussions. The results of this experiment are being discussed and interpreted as a new stage in geochemistry.1.1.3 Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, one, that:
1.1.4 Прочтите и устно переведите 1-4 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 5-7 абзацы текста.
What Is Science?
Science is an accumulative body of knowledge about the world. The word science itself is derived from the latin “scire” – to know, to have knowledge of, to experience. The word “scientist” was introduced only in 1840. The “cultivators of science” before 1840 were known as “natural philosophers”. Some 300 years ago they started a technique of inquire known today as the “scientific method”.
То understand now what science means we should first look at the meaning of th e broader area of science. Science is a creative and dynamic activity. It is an expression of human experience - an expression that seeks to provide an understanding of the total environment and the forces that shape it. Science is the proc ess where man, individually and collectively, uses this experience to devise a commonly accepted explanation of the workings of the universe around him. Science involv es obs ervation, and measurem ent, imagination and hypothesis, communication and criticism, in an endless assault on the unknown or little-known asp ects of our surroundings.
The scientist who is involved in such activities observes and measures objects and phenomena of the physical world. To exp erimental results, he applies imagination in an effort to discern some common action or behaviou r of matter and energy. He generalizes from the collection of observations and measurements and relationships and laws that have been accumulated, to develop th eories which can in some coherent way explain what is taking place; and then these predictions serve as guides to new experiments and observations.
The scientist maintains continual communication with his colleagues in a variety of ways. This communication is carried out through the scientific litera ture, in scien ce meetings, and in informal person-to-person seminars and discussions. So important is the role of communication a mong scientists to the process of mutual criticism that this has led to the assertion by some that modern science is communication.
Having bri efly discussed the role of the scientists and what science is, we may now compare science to other forms of human endeavour with which most people are more readily familiar. These endeavours are the humanities, including art, literature, music and history, to name a few. Each of these, like science, is in its own way an expression of hu man experience. The a rti st, like the physicist, considers his environment, interprets it, and presents his view for criticism. The fact that the two see the world in different ter ms in no way detracts from the basic premise that all these endeavours are primarily based upon the individual's experience and are his interpretations of the universe. In both instances, and in fact in all creative endeavour, the work is presented in one form or another for general r evi ew and criticism.
Scientists make use of data or facts as historians do, but the collection of facts in either case is not an end in itself. Facts are used to establish or reinforce a theory or to explain the occurrence of an event. Facts serve to illustrate a law or support a hypothesis. The relationship of facts to the development of a theory applies to the interpretation of history as it does in the development of a law in physics.
It is not our intent to imply that the humanities and sciences are identical, because this is not the case. There are substantial differences in that some sciences are essentially quantitative, whereas the humanities tend to be more qualitative or descriptive. However, while it is relatively simple to separate , for example, history and physics into either the humanities or
science category o n such a basis , there is no definite dividing line
between the sciences and the humanities.
For example the newly developing environmental sciences (e. g.: soil science, biology, chemistry) are closely interrelated. Earth science deals with the inanimated structur es and process es in natur e, sciences such as physics and ch emistry play a support role for ear th science by dealing with the nature of matter, the changes that occur in substances, the energy relationships that cause th ese changes, and th e forc es of natur e. Ma thema tics enables the scientist to quantify these phenom ena and d eal with th e forces in a manner that is easily recognizable by o ther scientis ts.
1.1.5 В первом абзаце текста найдите и письменно переведите предложения, в которых глагол-сказуемое стоит в страдательном залоге; определите временную форму глагола.
1.1.6 В третьем абзаце текста найдите и письменно переведите предложение, в котором глагол-сказуемое стоит в форме Present Continuous Tense.
1.1.7 Прочтите четвертый абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:
What is the most common assertion about science?
The communication with his colleagues is of less importance in comparison with the observations and measurements. The communication between scientists is maintained in different ways. The role of communication among scientists is of great importance in all spheres.1.1.8 Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно:
1. What does a scientist generalize from?
What kind of activity is science? Do the humanities have their own expression of human experience? Why is mathematics so important for various scientists nowadays?