Вариант 2. The Evolution of Electronics
It is hard to imagine what our lives would be like without electronics. Everything would be more expensive, we would be bored, and a lot colder and dirtier to boot. Even products which don't require electrical components to work, such as winged keels, were likely made with the assistance of electronics in the factories where they were produced. Not to mention, their proper function is also likely aided by advanced electronics as well.
So what are some of the most important steps in the evolutionary history of electronics? Obviously, harnessing the power of electrons was the first step down the road to the electronics world that we see around us today. Believe it or not, this process did not start with Benjamin Franklin. (2) In fact, the famous scientist did not even actually discover electricity, as is popularly believed. He did, however, figure out a way to harness it.
(3) That harnessing was further expanded upon in the early 20th century, when scientists began to use controlled movements of electrons to transmit signals over radio and other devices. The device which made this possible was known as the triode, and it is still being used in many electronic applications today, including the technology found in a vacuum truck as well as radios.
A more popular way to move electrons along a focused path for in our devices today is through the semiconductor. Semiconductors power almost all of the electronic components in homes and franchises in Canada and all over the world. (4) They include several different parts, such as the diode, the solar cells, and different kinds of transistor.
(5)Semiconductors are considered the basis for most of our modern electronics, and are becoming ever more efficient. (6) For example, the quick access to an efficient supply of hot water through a tankless water heater in the modern home is made possible by a very efficient semiconductor, which heats the water on demand, and quickly. The efficiency of a semiconductor is dependent on the materials the components are constructed from as well as the quality of the components themselves.
Of course, the means of transfer alone is not what has changed our modern electronics into the efficient machines we see all around us today. Streetsville homes equipped with iPods, computers, and smart technology are also aided by the inclusion of other inventions of the past couple decades.
Chief among these inventions are laser and digital technology. (7) Both advances have helped create more compact and efficient electronics.
(8)All electronics also depend on systems which can dissipate heat generated during the transfer. Advancements in cooling systems have thus also been very important in the evolution of modern electronics.
Задание 1. Перепишите предложения 2, 4, 5, 7, выпишите глаголы и определите их видовременную форму и залог. Предложения переведите.
Задание 2. Выпишите из предложения 3 инфинитивы, герундии, причастия. Предложение переведите на русский язык.
Задание 3. Перепишите предложения 1, 6, 8. Укажите главное и придаточное предложения. Предложения переведите.
Задание 4.Подберите определения к следующим 5 терминам.
| electronics | utilize, use |
| harness | cause (something) to pass on from one place to another |
| triode | a solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects |
| semiconductor | a vacuum tube having three electrodes |
| transmit | the technology of using transistors and silicon chips |
Задание 5. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.
What was the first step down the road to the electronics? Name the device which made using controlled movements of electrons possible. What is considered the basis for modern electronics? Name some more achievements of modern electronics. Why are cooling systems important?Вариант 3. Applications and Programming Languages
(1)Applications are programs written to carry out a specific task or set of tasks, for example: word processors, spreadsheets, accounting packages, media players and games.
Applications come in several different types:
- Utility programs – examples include virus scanners, disk defragmenters and backup utilities. Generic – general purpose software that is not written for any particular type of business. Examples of this include word processors and spreadsheets. Integrated – a collection of software that has a common set of commands/icons. Usually they include word processors, spreadsheets and graphics software, but they can contain databases as well. (2) They tend to be cheaper than purchasing each application separately. Specific – software written for a defined purpose. Accountancy software is a good example of this that can be bought by anyone. Bespoke – bespoke software is written when a company requires a piece of software to perform a very specific task or function and there’s no existing software that does what they need. It can be very expensive.
Programming languages
(3)A programming language is a specially written code which is used for writing applications. C++ and Java are examples of programming languages. (4) These are known as high level languages because they have been developed to be a little like a human language. High level languages are much easier to use than a low level language such as Machine Code, or Assembly Language. (5) The advantage of a low level language is that it runs very fast on the computer.
Purpose of high level languages
(6)High level languages are programming languages that are easier for humans to write programs in than the computer’s own language, machine code. Some high level languages are better than others for writing programs for specific tasks, such as:
- creating games controlling robots mathematical solutions
Common features of high level languages
All high level languages:
- look a little like English must be translated into binary before they can be run are intended to help the programmer solve problems are easier to edit than machine code
Examples you may know: C++, Visual Basic, Pascal, Comal, Prolog.
The need for translation
(7)A translator changes a computer program from a high level language to machine code. (8) By loading different translator programs, a computer can seem to “understand” different high level languages such as BASIC and Pascal. (9) Translator programs are a very important part of the computer/s systems software.
Задание 1. Перепишите предложения 2, 4, 7, 9, выпишите глаголы и определите их видовременную форму и залог. Предложения переведите.
Задание 2. Выпишите из предложений 1, 8 инфинитивы, герундии, причастия. Предложения переведите на русский язык.
Задание 3. Перепишите предложения 3, 5, 6. Укажите главное и придаточное предложения. Предложения переведите.
Задание 4. Подберите определения к следующим 5 терминам.
| application | a specially written code which is used for writing applications |
| word processor | programs and other operating information used by a computer. |
| software | program written to carry out a specific task or set of tasks |
| programming language | a computer program that is used for displaying and dealing with numbers |
| spreadsheet | a computer program or a computer which is used to produce printed documents |
Задание 5. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.
Name the types of applications. What are the examples of integrated software? Why is some software called specific? What is the advantage of high level languages? What does a computer need translator programs?Вариант 4. The Role of Sensors in our Daily Life
A sensor is a piece of equipment that determines a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an instrument or an observer. (1) For instance, a thermometer converts the measured temperature into the contraction and expansion of a liquid, which can then be read on a calibrated glass tube. (2) On the other hand, a thermocouple converts the temperature into an output voltage which can be read by a voltmeter. (3) For precision, all sensors are calibrated against their known standards.
As a considerable physical change involves the transfer of energy, sensors can further be classified depending on the type of energy transfer they detect. (4) Thermal sensors include temperature sensitive resistors, thermocouples, thermometers and thermostats. Mechanical pressure sensors comprise of things like a barometer, altimeter, pressure gauge etc.
Sensors are used in everyday objects like lamps that brighten or dim by touching the base, and ovens. (5) However, there are countless applications of different sensors which not many people are aware of. (6) Sensors are widely used in machines, cars, robotics, aerospace and manufacturing.
Oxygen sensors are employed in industry to monitor and control processing atmospheres and also in automobiles to monitor and control the air-to-fuel (A/F) ratio in the internal combustion engine. The primary function of the oxygen sensor there is to control the A/F ratio through appropriate feedback circuitry to the fuel injection system. (7) Control is necessary to protect the catalytic converter elements from being poisoned at A/F ratios that are too high or too low.
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