Профессионально-ориентированный английский язык Методические указания и контрольные работы (стр. 3 )

Basically, a sensor is a device that obtains and responds to a stimulus and signals. Here, the term stimulus means a quantity or property that is to be converted into an electric form. (8) The sensitivity of a sensor indicates how much the output changes with the change of measured quantity. For example, in the case of a thermometer, if the mercury level rises by 1 cm with 1°C change in temperature, the sensitivity of the sensor is 1 cm/°C. Sensors that measure very small changes must have very high sensitivities.

Any sensor is a type of transducer. Direct-indicating sensors, for example, a mercury thermometer, are human-readable. Other sensors, such as a thermocouple, only produce an output voltage or other electrical output which must be interpreted by another device (such as a computer). (9) Most sensors are electrical or electronic, although other types exist.

Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured on a microscopic scale as microsensors using MEMS technology. In most cases, a microsensor reaches a significantly higher speed and sensitivity compared with macroscopic approaches.

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения 3, 4, 6, 9, выпишите глаголы и определите их видовременную форму и залог. Предложения переведите.

Задание 2. Выпишите из предложений 1, 7 инфинитивы, герундии, причастия. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

Задание 3. Перепишите предложения 2, 5, 8. Укажите главное и придаточное предложения. Предложения переведите.

Задание 4. Подберите определения к следующим 5 терминам.

voltmeter	a device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it
transducer	a device that converts variations in a physical quantity into an electrical signal, or vice versa
output	microelectromechanical system-based technology
sensor	power, energy, or other results supplied by a device or system
MEMS technology	an instrument for measuring electric potential in volts

Задание 5. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.

What is a sensor? Name some types of sensors. What does the sensitivity of a sensor indicate? Where are oxygen sensors used? What is the advantage of a microsensor?

Вариант 5. Robots in Manufacturing

Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations; the applications can be divided into three categories: material handling, processing operations, and assembly and inspection.

(1) Material-handling applications include material transfer and machine loading and unloading. Material-transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one location to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple, requiring robots to pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts onto pallets in an arrangement that must be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts at a production machine. (2) This requires the robot to be equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts. Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part geometry.

(3) In robotic processing operations, the robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part. Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding, and spray painting. (4) Other operations in this category include grinding, polishing, and routing, in which a rotating spindle serves as the robot's tool.

The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. (5) The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labour common in these operations. (6) Since robots are programmable, one strategy in assembly work is to produce multiple product styles in batches, reprogramming the robots between batches. An alternative strategy is to produce a mixture of different product styles in the same assembly cell, requiring each robot in the cell to identify the product style as it arrives and then execute the appropriate task for that unit.

The design of the product is an important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not necessarily suitable for robots. (7) Using a screw and nut as a fastening method, for example, is easily performed in manual assembly, but the same operation is extremely difficult for a one-armed robot.

(8)Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. (9) In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the part is consistent with the quality specifications.

In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot provides a substitute for human labour. There are certain characteristics of industrial jobs performed by humans that identify the work as a potential application for robots: the operation is repetitive, involving the same basic work motions every cycle; the operation is hazardous or uncomfortable for the human worker (e. g., spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and certain machine loading and unloading tasks); the task requires a work part or tool that is heavy and awkward to handle; and the operation allows the robot to be used on two or three shifts.

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения 1, 3, 5, 8, выпишите глаголы и определите их видовременную форму и залог. Предложения переведите.

Задание 2. Выпишите из предложений 2, 7 инфинитивы, герундии, причастия. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

Задание 3. Перепишите предложения 4, 6, 9. Укажите главное и придаточное предложения. Предложения переведите.

Задание 4. Подберите определения к следующим 5 терминам.

manufacture	the action of fitting together the component parts of a machine or other object
robot	make (something) on a large scale using machinery
assembly	relating to or done with the hands
batch	a machine which is programmed to move and perform certain tasks automatically
manual	a quantity of goods produced at one time

Задание 5. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.

Name the three categories of robots application. Give some examples of transfer operations. Why is the use of robots in assembly increasing? What does a robot do in a typical inspection job? Name the characteristics of industrial jobs giving a potential application for robots.

3 КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

Вариант 1. Evaluation of Software and Hardware

All computers are made up of hardware, software and data. You will need to be able to explain how and why particular hardware or software is suitable for a particular task; and list and discuss criteria which can be used to evaluate or judge the suitability of hardware and software.

Main types of software

Generic – general-purpose software, such as word processors and spreadsheets Specialised packages – sold for specific uses, e. g. managing the accounts of a large organisation. Bespoke software – written specially for the end user by a team of people within the company or by external consultants; for example the software which manages London’s congestion-charging system.

System weaknesses

All computers are a part of a system made up of:

hardware software the data being used

A system like this can fail if any of the parts do not fit together, but there are ways to fine-tune the system:

Train and re-train people as the system changes. Training is often needed due to a decision to change either the hardware or software. Keep the data as accurate as possible. Upgrade software and hardware and replace it as new versions and types become available. Add new input and output devices if they will improve efficiency. Use evaluation criteria to decide what software and hardware to buy and how it will be used.

Software evaluation

Evaluation is performed to ensure the most suitable piece of software (or hardware) is purchased. Typically evaluation criteria will include:

End User Needs – what does the user of the software want to do, what are their present skills and how do they intend to use the software? It is important to be very clear about the problem that is to be tackled by the software. For example, a disabled person who wants to write letters but cannot type might strongly consider software with lots of ready-made letter templates that can then be added to using voice recognition. Functionality – does the software perform the functions required? Does it have specific facilities? For example, someone buying a spreadsheet application might need to produce graphs and charts.

Assignment 1. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.

1. hardware	a)the programs and other operating information used by a computer
2. software	b) the machines, wiring, and other physical components of a computer or other electronic system
3. spreadsheet	c) the power, energy, or other results supplied by a device or system
4. accurate	d) information, measurements, and statistics are correct to a very detailed level
5. output	e) a computer program in which figures arranged in the rows and columns of a grid can be manipulated and used in calculations

Assignment 2. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F)