Практическое занятие по теме: Surdopedagogics (стр. 2 )

5. Give synonyms from the text:

- one of the two parts at the sides of the head that you hear with;

- the smallest part of a living structure that can operate as an independent structure;

- the part of the ear that is on the outside of the head;

- a part of the brain that is responsible for hearing, memory, and speech;

- the nerve in the scull.

8. Make up one sentence with each word from ex I (3) and II (1).

9. Make up five types of questions on the text.

10. Render the text in English:

Ухо — сенсорный орган у животных и человека служащий для восприятия звука. Ухо человека воспринимает звуковые волны длиной примерно 16 — 20 000 Гц (колебаний в секунду).                                                                                                 Анатомическое ухо делится на: наружное ухо, систему среднего уха и внутреннее ухо — лабиринт, в котором различают улитку, преддверие и полукружные каналы. Улитка, наружное и среднее ухо представляют собой орган слуха, в состав которого входит не только рецепторный аппарат, но и сложная звукопроводящая система, предназначенная для доставки звуковых колебаний к рецептору — в неё входят барабанная перепонка и три миниатюрных косточки, «молоточек», «наковальня» и «стремя».                                                                                                Полость внутреннего уха связана с носоглоткой посредством Евстахиевой трубы, через которую выравнивается среднее давление воздуха внутри и снаружи от барабанной перепонки. При изменении внешнего давления иногда «закладывает» уши.

11. Make the written translation of the text.

12.  Make a report about        a) Human outer ear and culture;

b) Damage to the human ear

c) Outer ear trauma

d) Middle ear trauma

e) Inner ear trauma

f) Non-vertebrate hearing organs

The causes of hearing loss

I. 1. The text you are going to read is dedicated to the causes of hearing loss. If you were to deal with that topic, what would you speak about?

2. Pay attention to the following terms used in the text:

        to expose – выставлять, подвергать действию ч.-л.;

approximately – примерно, приблизительно;

permanent – постоянный, не изменяющийся на протяжении длительного времени;

noise-induced hearing loss – потеря слуха, вызванная длительным воздействием громких звуков;

to reverse – повернуть назад, обратить процесс;

ear plugs and muffs – индивидуальные приспособления для снижения уровня шума;

the hair cells in the inner ear – волоски внутреннего уха;

ear ringing – звон в ушах;

subtle high-pitched sounds – резкие высокие звуки;

acoustic trauma – травма вследствие воздействия громкого звука или шума;

diminished hearing – ослабленный, сниженный слух;

rustle of leaves -  шелест листьев;

exchange rate – с переменной частотой;

Industrial solvents - промышленные растворители;

lead – сталь;

ear canal disease – инфекции или заболевание ушного канала;

to mitigate – нивелировать, делать незаметным;

the chinchilla – «улитка»;

to bind – вязать, связывать, завязывать.

II.1. Find the following English equivalents in the text:

       - на рабочем месте;

       - то, что надо;

       - искажение звуков;

       - неразборчивые, не явные симптомы;

       - измерение частоты звуков;

       - первопричина;

       - нарушения слуха;

       - производство лакокрасочной продукции;

       - использование слухового аппарата.

Use dictionary if necessary.

2. Read the text:

Cause of Hearing Loss

Exposure to loud noise is the second most common cause of hearing loss. Approximately 30 million Americans are exposed to high intensity noise in their workplace, in one in 4 of these workers (or 7.5 million Americans) a permanent hearing loss will develop. Much can be done to prevent noise-induced hearing loss but little can be done to reverse it. Sometimes a single exposure to loud noise is all that is needed, a single hunting trip without ear plugs. Loud noise damages the hair cells in the inner ear and can cause hearing loss, ear ringing and distortion of sounds. The symptoms of noise induced hearing loss are subtle in the early stages. Hearing loss tends to occur first for high-pitched sounds only. Consequently, the volume of sound heard may be unchanged but the quality of it lessens. Speech may be heard but not completely understood. The presence of background noise can make speech hard to understand. Noise induced hearing loss has been reported to be accompanied by a ringing in the ears (tinnitus) in 23% of subjects. Tinnitus can often be more annoying than the hearing loss itself. Treatment of tinnitus is often unsatisfactory. There has been an association between acoustic trauma (noise induced hearing loss) and Meniere's disease which has been reported in a few research articles and text books. However, more recent literature has shown that acoustic trauma is not a causative factor.

Physical measurements of the sound can determine whether it exceeds dangerous levels, and most factories have access to the necessary equipment. Radio Shack also sells a sound level meter for under $40 which will measure noise levels using the "A" Scale. (This is what the designation dBA refers to -- decibels measured in the A Scale.) However, without noise-measuring equipment, the following basic rules can be followed:

#1. If it is necessary to shout to hear yourself over a noise, the level of the sound can be damaging.

#2. Should ringing in the ears occur after exposure to a loud sound, damage has been done and that sound should be avoided or ear protection used in the future.

#3. If diminished hearing or a sense of fullness in the ears is experienced after noise exposure, the level of that noise is damaging.

There are several federal guidelines for noise exposure.

The NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) for occupational noise exposure (85 decibels an 8-hour time-weighted average) was reevaluated using contemporary risk assessment techniques 4000-hertz (Hz) audiometric frequency in the definition of hearing impairment. The new risk assessment reaffirms support for the 85-dBA. With a 40-year lifetime exposure at the 85-dBA REL, the excess risk of developing occupational NIHL is 8%considerably lower than the 25% excess risk at the 90-dBA permissible exposure limit currently enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration.

Decibel Levels of Environmental Sounds

Source--Dangerous Level	dBA SPL
Produces Pain	120-140
Jet Aircraft During Takeoff (at 20 meters)	130
Snowmobile Tractor Without Cab	120
Rock Concert	110
Die Forging Hammer Gas Weed-Whacker Chain Saw Pneumatic Drill	100-105
Home Lawn Mowers	95 to 100 dB
Semi-trailers (at 20 meters)	90

Source--	dBA SPL
Discomfort Level	Above 80
Heavy Traffic	80
Automobile (at 20 meters)	70
Vacuum Cleaner	65
Conversational Speech (at 1 meter)	60
Quiet Business Office	50
Residential Area at Night	40
Whisper, Rustle of Leaves	20
Rustle of Leaves	10
Threshold of Audibility	0

There are also many agents found in industry which can also damage hearing in addition to industrial noise exposure. The most common is tobacco.

Industrial Solvents: The combination of solvents and noise exposure exceeds the damage produced by either also. The effect of solvents is potentiated even more by exposure to ethanol. Organic Solvents found in Industry which are ototoxic include.

--Toluene: Found in paints, thinners, rubbers and in the printing industry.

--Stryene: Found in plastics, rubbers, resins, insulating materials.
--Carbon Disulfide: Found in the textile industry and insecticides.

--Tricholoroethylene:

--Xylene: Found in paint and lacquer industry

Metals: -- Lead may also cause hearing loss

Asphyxiants: Carbon Monoxide

Since there is little that can be done to treat noise induced hearing loss, prevention by avoidance of loud noises is the best pressible foam ear plugs (not water plugs) and ear muffs WHEN FITTED PROPERLY can decrease the noise exposure level by over 20 dB. EAR Classic plugs have a properly fitted noise reduction rating of 29 dB. When given to subjects to fit themselves the average attenuation was found to be 17 dB. Ear plugs and ear muffs are about equally effective. Muffs cost more but can be used in patients with ear canal disease. Muffs are also hot in warm weather.