private: private doctors; private medical practice; private patients; private treatment; private insurance companies
hospital: government-financed hospital; hospital facilities; private hospitals
provide: provided; provides; to provide primary medical care; to provide health care to the sick and injured; to provide free medical care
consult: consults; consulted; consulting; consulting physician; consulting hours; consultation centre; consulting room
3. Read and translate:
medical examination, regular inoculation, directly, necessary, treatment, important, personal, psychiatric, insurance, employment, scientific, cardiovascular, mental
4. Match Russian and English equivalents:
1) the level of the family doctor | a) это заставило федеральное правительство разработать две программы по страхованию здоровья |
2) to give inoculations | b) делать прививки |
3) hospital’s facilities | c) основные отделения |
4) health care to the sick and injured | d) на протяжении всего пребывания пациентов в больнице |
5) throughout the patients’ stay in the hospital | e) уровень семейного врача |
6) major departments | f) малоимущие |
7) disability insurance | g) больничное оборудование |
8) it forced the federal government to develop two health insurance programs | h) страхование по инвалидности |
9) low-income people; | i) медицинская помощь больным и пострадавшим |
10) providing free medical care | j) обеспечивающий бесплатную медицинскую помощь |
5. Read and translate the following word-combinations:
directly from the patient, own private office, government-financed hospitals, clinics staffed by consulting physicians, intensive care unit, health insurance, continued illness, place of employment, maternal and child health care, retirement benefits, great cost of medical care
6. Translate the following sentences:
1. In recent times, the federal government has employed several different tactics in its attempt to safeguard public health. 2. Vast sums were also poured into new hospital’s facilities. 3. The most significant contributions the government makes to health care, at least in dollars, are the Medicare and Medicaid programs. 4. Medicare assists the elderly and disabled; Medicaid helps the poor. 5. Patients may choose the doctor they wish, provided only that he is enrolled in the Service (при условии, что он состоит на государственной службе) and that he agrees to attend them. 6. It a serious illness develops or diagnosis is difficult the whole team of health professionals come into action. 7. There are both government-financed and private hospitals in the USA. 8. The emergency patients are provided with free medical care. 9. Hospitals and clinics are staffed by consulting physicians, residents, interns and highly skilled nurses. 10. Consulting hours are by appointment in the consulting rooms.
7. Read and translate the text. Make the plan of the text using key-words.
Text A. Health Care in the USA
The health care system in the USA exists on three levels: the level of the family doctor, the medical institution or hospital and the United States Public Health Service.
A private doctor or a family doctor gives his patients regular examinations and inoculations. In case professional care is needed, the family doctor arranges for the patient to see a specialist or to go to a hospital. The family doctor receives pay directly from the patient. Most physicians have private practices. They make use of the hospital’s facilities whenever necessary. A family doctor either has his own private office or works with several other doctors in a so-called group practice.
Many Americans have no family doctor and they come directly to the hospital for all their medical needs. The hospital provides health care to the sick and injured. There are government-financed and private hospitals in the USA. The patients are admitted to hospitals or clinics staffed by consulting physicians, residents, interns and highly skilled nurses. The nursing staff is very important. Nurses and patients are in close contact throughout the patients’ stay in the hospital. Social services are available to the patients and families regarding personal, emotional, and financial problems that may arise from continued illness or disabilities.
Most hospitals have at least the following major departments or units: surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, pediatrics and general medicine. They may also have trauma intensive care units, neurosurgical and renal care units, and a psychiatric unit. The Emergency Room (unit) is a very special area in the hospital. The emergency patients receive immediate attention.
Medical care in the USA is very expensive. Two thirds of the population have private health insurance. Some people have health insurance, life insurance (financial assistance for the relatives in case of death), disability insurance and retirement benefits at their place of employment. Most employees and their families now pay more than 50 per cent of the cost of health insurance.
The great cost of medical care in the country and the great number of people who could not pay for it forced the federal government to develop two health insurance programs – Medicaid and Medicare. Medicaid, started in 1966, is a federal program providing free medical care for low-income people, the aged, the blind and for dependent children. Medicare, started in 1967, is a federal program providing free medical care for disabled and aged Americans over 65, for those who in the past had the greatest medical expenses.
The chief scientific problems facing American medicine are the same as those facing Russian medicine, they are heart disease and cancer. The chief causes of suffering and death today are cancer and cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, stroke and atherosclerosis. Also much medical research is done on illnesses of aging, disabilities caused by arthritis, mental illness, drug addiction, and genetic problems.
8. Answer the questions using the text:
1. What levels does the health care system in the USA exist on?
2. What are the main duties of a family doctor?
3. What kinds of hospitals are there in America?
4. Who comprises the staff of hospitals or clinics in the USA?
5. What departments do American hospitals have?
6. How many people have private health insurance?
7. What kinds of health insurance do people have?
8. Why did the federal government develop two health insurance programs? What are they?
9. What is Medicare? What is Medicaid?
10. What can you say about scientific problems facing American medicine?
9. Translate word combinations into English using active vocabulary:
1. система здравоохранения Америки; 2. регулярный осмотр; 3. поступать в больницу; 4. медицинское обслуживание доступно пациентам; 5. продолжительное заболевание; 6. отделение неотложной помощи; 7. оказывать медицинскую помощь пострадавшим; 8. пенсионные выплаты; 9. место работы; 10. частное медицинское страхование; 11. включая гипертонию и инсульт; 12. нетрудоспособность, вызванная артритом
10. Tell about work of the family doctor in the USA using the following word combinations:
private doctor, family doctor, to give regular examinations, professional care, to arrange for the patient to see a specialist, to make use of hospital facilities, private office, group practice
11. Replace the word combinations in bold type with active vocabulary. Translate the sentences:
1. A private physician gives his patients regular examinations and inoculations.
2. The family doctor arranges for the patient to go to an out-patient department. 3. They make use of the hospital’s equipment and apparatus whenever necessary. 4. The hospital gives medical aid to the sick and wounded. 5. Clinics are staffed by consulting doctors, residents, interns and experienced nurses. 6. The Emergency Room is a very special area in the hospital. 7. The federal government worked out two health insurance programs. 8. The main scientific problems in America are cancer and heart diseases. 9. Medical scientific investigation is done on illness of aging, disabilities triggered by arthritis, mental illness, drug addiction, and genetic problems. 10. The emergency patients receive quick attention.
12. Agree or disagree. Use the given expressions:
Exactly. (I’m afraid) I don’t think that is Yes, I think that… correct…
I (quite) agree. (I’m afraid) I can’t agree with the fact that…
I think so. (I’m afraid) I don’t think you are right…
Certainly. I disagree (with you).
I suppose so (it is, he does). Not at all.
That’s true. On the contrary.
Quite so. Nothing of the kind.
Vice versa.
1. A private doctor should give injections. 2. Medicaid is a federal program, which provides free medical care for the poor, the aged, the blind and for children under eighteen. 3. Medicaid is a federal program, which provides free medical care for aged Americans over sixty five. 4. Most employees and their families have to pay for their health insurance. 5. Many people in America have health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance and retirement benefits at their place of work. 6. The chief scientific problems facing American medicine are cancer and cardiovascular diseases. 7. Medical research is done on pediatric illness. 8. Genetic problems, mental illness and drug addiction are studied by medical scientists.
13. Give the summary of text A according to your plan.
14. Find modal verbs and their equivalents in the following sentences. Translate these sentences:
1. A family doctor must give regular examinations and inoculations. 2. In a severe case a family doctor should send the patient to a specialist. 3. Patient may choose their family doctor. 4. This boy should stay at home as his leg still aches. 5. Future doctors must know anatomy very well. 6. This patient can walk as his injury is not bad. 7. The patient may walk as the doctor has allowed. 8. The patient was able to fall sleep after taking the medicine. 9. We had to summarize and analyse all the findings of our investigation. 10. The fifth-year students will be allowed to operate on the patients by themselves.
15. Insert modal verbs or their equivalents:
1. Poor hygiene … lead to infection. 2. The doctor … determine the origin of the disease for its successful treatment. 3. The doctor … reveal the consolidation in the lung by the X-ray examination. 4. The scientist … observe a rapid growth of microorganisms under the microscope. 5. His constant tiredness … impair his heart. 6. We … to examine him immediately. 7. One … remember that most viruses are destroyed at the temperature of 50 – 60 ºC within 30 – 60 minutes. 8. The nurse … intravenous injections to that patient in two hours. 9. A patient with hypertension … to follow a definite course of treatment. 10. The doctor … know all the properties of a drug before he gives it to the patient.
16. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian:
1. It is necessary (take) this medicine after meals. 2. The heart muscle (nourish) by coronary arteries. 3. Lymph (pass) through the lymphatic glands. 4. The heart wall (compose) of two layers. 5. The blood pressure measurement method (be) very simple. 6. Prevention of diseases (be) the main principle of health care. 7. Smoking and hypertension (be) two major risk factors for heart disease. 8. You were shown a new children’s hospital which (set up) not long ago. 9. Last week a severe attack of influenza (follow) by pneumonia. 10. The pediatrician’s questions (answer) by the patients in detail.
17. Read and translate text I.
Text I. Medical Service in the USA
The provision of medical and health care is one of the largest industries in the United States. American hospitals are in general well-equipped and efficient, and doctors earn incomes far above the general average. For anyone who is ill, the cost of treatment is very high. There are many inadequacies in medical services, particularly in rural and poor areas. About one-sixth of the population, including members of the armed forces and their families, receive medical care paid for or subsidized by the federal government. Many people are not covered by any form of health insurance.
The federal Department of Health and Human Services through its National Institutes of Health supports much of the biomedical research in the United States. Grants are made also to researchers in clinics and medical schools.
18. Read text II. Entitle it. Give summary.
Text II
In the early part of the twentieth century, diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites were the leading causes of death in the United States because modern sanitation, public health methods, and antibiotic drugs had not been developed. Because people did not have the considerable health knowledge we now possess, it was not possible for them to prevent many illnesses, and for those who became ill, there was usually little that could be done to help. In 1918, millions of people died from a worldwide influenza epidemic that ran its course virtually unabated. Now, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is killing thousands of people and no cure is in sight. Despite modern medical technologies infectious diseases still have not been conquered.
Several studies have shown that people tend to visit physicians when they are psychologically unwell, whether or not they are suffering from something that a physician can diagnose as a particular disease. Many studies show that 50 percent or more of the people doctors see as outpatients have no discernible illness. Rather, such patients are experiencing some life situation that is making them feel bad and that may even be producing symptoms such as an upset stomach, diarrhea, insomnia, low energy, headaches, or loss of appetite. Yet a physical examination reveals no underlying physical problem. The sick feelings and the symptoms are the result of an emotionally upsetting life situation, not the result of a disease. In their attempt to get help, these people visit the doctor.
Certain habits of living are also associated with the most common causes of death. Most of the major causes of death in the United States, Canada, and other industrialized nations are chronic such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and cirrhosis of the liver. These diseases are caused by particular behaviors or living practices. For example, a sedentary life-style, emotional stress, high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and obesity all increase the risk of developing heart disease and diseases of the blood vessels.
Traditionally, we have depended on doctors and other trained health practitioners to help us get well when we are sick.
19. Read text III and answer the question: “Why do many people smoke and drink?” Express your own opinion.
Text III. Avoid Destructive Habits
Smoking tobacco and drinking excessive amounts of alcoholic beverages are two of the most destructive habits in U. S. society today as far as maintaining health and preventing accidents, suicides, and disease are concerned. Many people smoke and drink to excess because of stress reduction, the need to escape from worries, persistent, and persuasive advertising to manufacturers of tobacco and alcoholic products, and social pressures.
Most people growing up in the culture of the United States today will have many occasions to engage in smoking and drinking, and many people will experiment with other kinds of recreational drugs, such as marijuana, amphetamines, or cocaine. Millions will become habituated or addicted to legal drugs – tranquilizers to reduce anxiety, antidepressants, and sedatives for pain and sleep. Repeated or excessive use becomes a dangerous habit, which eventually can result in loss of health and in sickness.
20. Read text IV. Give an abstract. Translate the large passage in written form.
Text IV. Life-Style – The Key to Health
In this country there are basically two opposing, and perhaps in a practical sense, irreconcilable views of how to achieve the most health for the American people. The first view advocates that every person is entitled to medical care and should be protected financially so that everyone can afford the medical care he or she needs. This view also advocates frequent medical consultations, routine physical exams, and treatment with drugs and surgery for any diseases that are discovered. This approach to health care places most of the responsibility for health squarely on the shoulders of the health care industry – physicians, nurses, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, insurance companies, and government agencies. This view of health accepts the idea that the responsibility for maintaining health lies outside ourselves. This view maintains additionally that health can be purchased, legislated, and delivered in the form of medical products and medical care. The principal fault of this view is that it primarily deals with disease after sickness has occurred.
The other view emphasizes that a person's health is primarily the responsibility of the individual and that the goal is the prevention of disease and sickness. This does not mean that the first view is wrong – even if you accept the idea that each person has the primary responsibility for maintaining his or her health, individuals still require medical insurance to pay for medical care when they become sick. Medical checkups can sometimes be beneficial, and people should utilize to the fullest the best medical advice and health services that are available when sickness does occur.
However, much sickness in America today results from destructive personal habits and life-styles that make people more susceptible to disease and sickness. Collectively smoking, misuse of alcohol and other drugs, poor dietary habits, lack of regular exercise, and stress place enormous burdens on the health and well-being of many Americans today. Everyone has considerable freedom of choice life-style areas and the best chance for improving and maintaining lifelong health.
21. Read text V and say why people should be physically active.
Text V. Be Physically Active
Humans are designed to be physically active, yet our culture today is organized so that most of us are sitting most of the time. We sit at our jobs, we sit at school, and we sit during recreational activities such as watching TV, reading, or even going to concerts or to the theater.
Find ways to be physically active. *****n. Swim. Hike. Participate in sports. Don't just watch others being active. Stretch your body's muscles with yoga exercises, or try dancing. Plant a garden, walk in the woods, roll in the leaves, throw snowballs – remember to play a little every day. Watch how much fun and pleasure children have running, climbing, rolling, jumping, and just being active. As people grow older they often forget to be active and forget to play during each day, and their health declines as a result of the lack of physical activity.
22. Read text VI and give summary.
Text VI
Hospice, a concept of supportive care for the terminally ill Inspired by the hospices of the Middle Ages, the modern movement began with the founding in 1968 of St. Christopher's Hospice in London as an alternative to the impersonal nature of hospitals and nursing homes as a place to die. The first American hospice was established in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1971. It is estimated that there are now 300 hospice programs established or being planned in the United States. In January 1980, the Department of Health and Human Services announced it would participate for a 30-month period in the continuing development of hospice care programs.
The hospice concept favors the comforting setting of home for the dying, cared for by family and friends as well as their doctors. The assistance of community agencies such as the Visiting Nurse Association and volunteers is provided to families, as well as 24-hour telephone contact availability. When home care is not possible, institutional – care may be had in specially built facilities or in units associated with or actually within existing hospitals. All provide trained personnel and homelike environments for patients and visitors. Of great importance in hospice care is the management of pain, which can be particularly severe in people dying of cancer. Special mixtures of pain relievers are given at around-the-clock intervals to control pain while keeping the person's mind as clear as possible. All hospice care is geared chiefly to relief of symptoms – rather than efforts to cure disease and to helping an individual to die with as much dignity and peace and as little discomfort as possible. Psychological counseling is available to the dying and their families, and work to help survivors handle their grief is the final function of hospice workers.
Plans for the nation's first hospice program exclusively for terminally ill children were announced in April, 1980, by St. Mary's, a pediatric hospital in Bay-side, New York. The children will be kept at home as much as possible, in keeping with the hospice concept. Visiting medical teams will guide the care given by family and friends and a specially equipped wing will provide hospital care when that becomes necessary. Emphasis in the hospice facility is to be on a maximum of attentive care and a minimum of regulations. Counseling to help family members cope with the presence of a dying child will also be important in the program.
23. Read text VII and give annotation.
Text VII
Hospital, an establishment that provides medical and surgical care ordinarily unavailable in a doctor's office. Early in their history, hospitals (the word derives from the Latin hospes meaning host or guest) were institutions run by monasteries for the provision of "hospitality" to the poor, to stricken travelers, to lepers, and to the lame and the blind. The secularization of hospitals began in England when Henry VIII closed the the beginning of the eighteenth century, when almshouses began to accommodate the indigent who were permanently disabled or incurably ill, hospitals started to assume some semblance of a curative role.
There are at present over 7000 hospitals in the United States. Approximately half this number have fewer than 100 beds and approximately 5000 supposedly conform to the standards of safety, clean-liness, bed facilities, essential equipment, laboratories, nurse-patient ratio, respect for patients' rights, and medical and surgical staff laid down by the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Hospitals. All hospitals of every type are eager for this official approval since it practically guarantees that they will be reimbursed for Medicare and Medicaid patients without additional government inspection. Practically no hospital (unless entirely supported by rich alcoholics) can continue to operate nowadays without such funds.
Contemporary hospitals may be classified as general or special: those competent to deal with all manner of illnesses both mental and physical or those that concentrate on a specialty such as eye and ear, or joint diseases, or alcoholism, or psychiatric institutes.
Hospitals are also classified according to who owns and operates them. Voluntary hospitals, by far the largest category are run as nonprofit institutions under the auspices of a university, trade union, religious group, or community philanthropy. Proprietary hospitals are privately owned, usually by the staff doctors who operate them for their own profit. City, county, and state hospitals are financed by local taxes. The complex of services known as a medical center has become an increasingly vital aspect of community health care. The term is usually applied to a group of hospitals connected with a university medical school in or near a big city. In addition to offering the local population emergency facilities as well as in - and outpatient services, such centers maintain a network of relationships with social workers, home care nurses, and special neighborhood programs for the aging.
As hospitals keep pace with advances in medical science and technology, they perform different functions, providing intensive care facilities, burn treatment centers, highly specialized diagnostic tests (CAT scanning, angiographs, and the like), and radiation therapy based on advances in nuclear medicine. More and more hospitals are becoming affiliated with medical schools. Such affiliations offer patients the best and quickest application of the newest findings in diagnosis and treatment because of the constant and prompt evaluation
by the teaching staff.
Every member of the community is entitled to easy access to emergency treatment by qualified professionals in a well-equipped hospital setting when the life of the victim is at stake. And every patient signed into a hospital for a brief or extended stay is entitled to the services of a courteous and competent nursing staff in a clean, safe and uncrowded environment.
The National Health Service in the United Kingdom
1. Read and learn the words by heart:
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
National Health Service (the NHS) | Государственная служба здравоохранения |
set up | учреждать, основывать |
сover | охватывать |
publicly funded service | общественно финансируемая служба |
screening | скрининг (исследование группы бессимптомных больных для выявления лиц с высокой вероятностью наличия данного заболевания) |
antenatal screening | антенатальный (пренатальный, дородовый) скрининг |
end-of-life care | пожизненный уход |
general practitioner (GP) | врач общей практики |
ambulance staff | персонал (штат) скорой помощи |
open-heart surgery | операция на открытом сердце |
accident | |
accidents and emergency (A&E) department (service) | отделение (служба) экстренной (медицинской) помощи при несчастных и неотложных случаях |
free of charge | бесплатно |
charge | плата |
walk-in centre (WiC) | медицинский сестринский центр (центр, в котором работают преимущественно медсёстры и куда может обратиться любой пациент без предварительной записи по поводу незначительных травм и заболеваний) |
NHS Direct | прямая линия ГСЗ |
via | через |
illness | заболевание |
life expectancy | предполагаемая продолжительность жизни |
mortality | смертность |
comprise | включать, охватывать; содержать |
2. Translate the word combinations with the given key-words:
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