Наименование тем | Виды и формы контроля | Объем часов очное | СРС очное |
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕМЫ | |||
Сравнительная характеристика английских глаголов во всех временах Прямая и косвенная речь Неличные формы глагола: Инфинитив; Причастие; Герундий Условные предложения | Упражнения тест, к/р Опрос, тест Упражнения тест, к/р опрос, тест | 4/4 3/3 1/1 2/2 2/2 4/4 | 4/4 3/3 1/1 2/2 2/2 4/4 |
РАЗГОВОРНЫЕ ТЕМЫ | |||
Культурная жизнь России Культурная жизнь стран изучаемого языка: Великобритания Америка Праздники и традиции вышеперечисленных стран Профессионально направленная тематика (см. ниже, в разделе «Профессионально направленная тематика» для разных специальностей). | Подготовка рефератов по заданным темам; поиск дополнительной информации; составление тем методом коллажирования | 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2 | 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2 |
ЧТЕНИЕ | 6/6 | 6/6 | |
АУДИРОВАНИЕ | 1 | 1 | |
ПИСЬМО | 1/1 | 1/1 |
6. Итоговая отчетность по семестрам
1 семестр:
1) Тест по грамматике (порядок слов в английском языке, структура простого предложения: утвердительное, отрицательное, вопросительное, оборот «there is, there are», настоящее простое время, настоящее продолженное время, прошедшее простое время, будущее простое время)
2) Вопросы к зачету:
1) Знакомство: приветствие, представление
2) Семья: родители, дети, взаимоотношения
3) Рабочий день
4) Выходной день
2 семестр:
1) Тест по грамматике (передача будущего времени при помощи вспомогательного глагола «will» и выражения «to be going to», степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий, местоимения: личные, притяжательные, неопределенные, множественное число существительных, притяжательный падеж существительных, модальные глаголы: can, may, must)
2) Вопросы к зачету:
1) Внешность, визуальный образ
2) Личные качества, характер
3) Свободное время: хобби, увлечения
4) Мой родной город
3 семестр:
1) Тест по грамматике (исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные, настоящее совершенное время, сравнительная характеристика английских глаголов в настоящем времени, наречия, прошедшее совершенное время)
2) Вопросы к зачету:
1) Мой институт
2) Высшее образование: обучение в институте
3) Великобритания: общие сведения
4) Лондон – столица Великобритании
4 семестр:
1) Тест по грамматике (сравнительная характеристика английских глаголов в прошедшем времени, группа будущего времени, модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, пассивный залог)
2) Вопросы к зачету:
1) США: общие сведения
2) Вашингтон – столица Америки.
3) Нью Йорк – один из крупнейших городов мира.
4) Страны Британского Содружества
5 семестр:
Итоговый контроль:
1) Тест по грамматике (сравнительная характеристика английских глаголов во всех временах, прямая и косвенная речь, неличные формы глагола: инфинитив, причастие, герундий; условные предложения).
Содержание экзамена:
1) Реферат текста (выполняется на последнем занятии).
2) перевод аутентичного текста по специальности в объеме 10 000 печатных знаков (выполняется заранее, сдается на последнем занятии).
2) Лексический минимум (сдается на предпоследнем занятии).
3) Один из вариантов интернет – экзамена (на предпоследнем занятии).
4) Экзаменационный билет состоит из трех пунктов:
а) беседа с преподавателем по темам (4темы из 15);
в) аннотация аутентичного текста по специальности в объеме 1500 п. зн. с использованием клише;
7. Экзаменационные темы
СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЬ «ПРИКЛАДНАЯ ИНФОРМАТИКА»
1. My Working Day. My day off
2. Personality (appearance, traits of character)
3. Hobbies
4. Personal details, education, work experience, position of responsibility
5. British Public *****ssian Public Holidays
6. British Cultural Life and American cultural life
7. The UK. London
8. The USA. New York.
9. Tyumen State Academy of Arts and Culture
10. My Native Town
11. Science and technologies
12. What is a computer?
13. Automatisation and computer usage
14. Modern computer technologies
15. Internet. Advantages and disadvantages
8. Контрольные работы для заочного отделения
Контрольная работа № 1.
I. Выберите глагол - связку или вспомогательный глагол для следующих предложений (do, does, is, are, have got, has got)
1you speak English?
2. Whereyour friend work?
3. I can't translate this text because Inot know these words.
4. Marynot play any musical instruments.
5. When. . . they usually finish their work?
6he dancing now?
7she often go to the museums?
8. How longit take you to get to the Institute?
9they good at painting?
10. Marya wonderful actress.
11. There. . . some valuable paintings in his private collection.
12. Theygot many interesting books on theatre.
13. There. . . an old piano in the room.
14. Hegot a friend in Italy.
II. Вставьте правильный артикль: a/an or the:
We enjoyed our hotel. …hotel was very nice. Is there …hotel near there? Lisa is …youngest student in her class. Do you live far from …center? Can I ask…question? Have you ever been to…Philippines? …Sun is shining. Write your name at … top of the page. We went to see a play at…National Theatre. She was …interesting woman.III. Выберите верный вариант: something/somebody/anything/anybody:
1. She said…to me, but I did not understand it.
2. What’s wrong? There is …in my eye.
3.Do you know…about politics?
4.I went to the shop, but I didn’t buy…
5. …has broken the window. I don’t know who.
6. There is not…in the bag. It is empty.
7. I’m looking for me keys. Has…seen them?
8. Would you like…to drink?
9. I did not eat …, because I was not hungry.
10. This is a secret. Please, don’t tell …
IV Вставьте прятяжательные местоимения:
1. This is…phone number. (they)
2. You have got a cat. What’s …name? (it)
3. Is this …TV? (he)
4. It’s …camera. (she)
5. It was…plan. (we)
V Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в Past Simple Tense.
1. Mary (dance) at the party yesterday.
2. It (be) cold last week.
3. He (stay) at home last summer.
4. We (look) at those pictures yesterday morning.
5. They (wait) for their friends last Sunday.
6. We (be) at home yesterday.
7. She (want) to talk to them two days ago.
8. We (see) an interesting performance a week ago.
9. They (be) ready at seven.
10. He (meet) her at the disco.
VI Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во время Future Simple.
1. They (stay) with us next Christmas.
2. I (remember) this day all my life.
3. You (have) time to help me tomorrow?
4. I (know) the result in a week.
5. She (be) in Rome tonight.
6. I am sure that you (like) our new performance.
VII. Выберите модальные глаголы для следующих предложений (must, can, may)
1. I am sorry. I am late. . . I come in?
2. My sister studies German. Shealready read and speak German a little.
3. It is late. Igo home.
4. Must I describe the picture? No, younot.
5. May I take these magazines home? No, younot.
6. There are no people in the hall, wehave a talk there.
7. The weather is getting worse. Itrain.
8. she draw? - No, shenot, but shesing well.
9. Youwork hard at your English if you want to know it.
10. He. . . play different instruments.
VIII. Выберите английские эквиваленты для слов, стоящих в скобках.
1. Winter is the (самое холодное) season in a year.
a. cold; b. colder; c. coldest
2. Take some other book because these stories are (слишком) easy for you.
a. much; b. too; c. more
3. He (собирается) to paint a picture.
a. is fond of; b. wants; c. is going
4. This piece of music is (такой же трудный) as that one.
a. more difficult than; b. as difficult; c. not so difficult
5. It is not (так тепло) in autumn as in summer.
a. warmer than; b. as warm as; c. So warm
6. This artist is (гораздо моложе ) than you are.
a. less younger; b. much younger; c. Youngest
7. Let's listen to the (последние) news.
a. next; b. latest; c. Last
8. (Необходимо) for you to help your friends.
a. it is possible; b. necessary; c. It is necessary
9. New York - (самый крупный) city of the USA.
a. the largest; b. the larger; c. largest
10. This play is (не такая интересная) as that one.
a. not so interesting; b. as interesting; c. more interesting
IХ. Выберите правильные предлоги для следующих предложений:
1. We go home. . . bus. (in; by; to )
2. They are going to leave. . . Paris tonight. (to; for; in )
3. The theatre hall is full. . . people. (of; by; for )
4. Let's listen. . . the new tapes. (to; for; over )
5. How do you get. . . your work? (by; in; to )
6. We are very busyweekdays. (out of; in; on )
7. You must translate this textRussian. (in; into; for )
8. I am lookingmy violin. (to; for; by )
9 You must talkyour producer. (to; with; )
10. This dance music was written. . . Austrian composers. (with; to; by )
Х. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на способы словообразования.
1. music, musical, musician, music-hall.
2. beautiful, beautifully, beauty.
3. popular, popularly, popularity, popularize, popularization.
4. visit, to visit, visitor, visitable, visiting, visiting - book.
5. world-known, well- educated, concert-hall, ballet-lover, dress - rehearsal, orchestra-pit.
Translate the text:
TEXT
History of computing hardware
The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century onwards though, the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations.
The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies—automated calculation and programmability—but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. Examples of early mechanical calculating devices include the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150–100 BC). Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when. This is the essence of programmability.
The "castle clock", an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is considered to be the earliest programmable analog computer. It displayed the zodiac, the solar and lunar orbits, a crescent moon-shaped pointer travelling across a gateway causing automatic doors to open every hour, and five robotic musicians who played music when struck by levers operated by a camshaft attached to a water wheel. The length of day and night could be re-programmed to compensate for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year.
The Renaissance saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering. Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers, but none fit the modern definition of a computer, because they could not be programmed.
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom by introducing a series of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.
It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer, his analytical engine. Limited finances and Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never completed.
In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machine readable medium. Prior uses of machine readable media, above, had been for control, not data. "After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards ..."[ To process these punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the keypunch machines. These three inventions were the foundation of the modern information processing industry. Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the 1890 United States Census by Hollerith's company, which later became the core of the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the punched card, Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and the teleprinter.
During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.
Alan Turing is widely regarded to be the father of modern computer science. In 1936 Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine. Of his role in the modern computer, Time magazine in naming Turing one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, states: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine".
The inventor of the program-controlled computer was Konrad Zuse, who built the first working computer in 1941 and later in 1955 the first computer based on magnetic storage.
George Stibitz is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital computer. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, Stibitz invented and built a relay-based calculator he dubbed the "Model K" (for "kitchen table", on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation. Later models added greater sophistication including complex arithmetic and programmability.
TASK: I. Answer the questions:
1. When was the word “computer” mentioned at first?
2. What is the history of modern computer?
3. What is the “castle clock”?
4. Enumerate the names of people who took part in invention the computer?
9. Контрольная работа № 2.
I. Choose either the Present Simple or Present Continuous in the following sentences.
A) Present Simple B) Present Continuous
I usually_______(to cook) meals, and my brother_______ (to wash) dishes. Mr. Anderson _______ (to be) an English tourist who _______ (to travel) to Eastern Europe tomorrow. Just now he _______ (to have) breakfast at home. After breakfast he _______ (to go out) to do a lot of things. On Sundays they_______(to have) dinner at a restaurant. Oh, I _______ (to go) to work as a nurse in Africa, in Kenya, and I ______(to look) forward to it because it's such an exotic country for me. The weather______ (to be) terrible today. We ______ (to organise) a holiday walking tour in the North of Scotland. We _______(to go) to cover 150 miles of mountainous country in ten days. It _______ (to go) to be a hard work. We _______ (to go) to be wet, cold and tired a lot of the time. But it _______ (to go) to be fun! John ______ (to play) in the school team this season. If you ______ (not to listen ) to the radio, please_______ (to switch) it off. We _______ (to see off) our grandparents this morning. I _______ (not to want) to go anywhere. I _______ (to have) a headache. I _______ (to feel) tired. It _______ (to get) dark. Let's go home. The sea_______(to grow) calmer. We can go to the beach in the afternoon. You _______ (always to make) mistakes in your tests. You should be more attentive. Who _______ this suit-case ______ (to belong) to? The world _______ (to change) rapidly in such fields as business, art and medicine.II. Choose either the Future Simple or be going to in the following sentences.
A) will B) be going to
It probably ______ (not to rain) in Western Europe. _______ you _______ (to come) to my house, please? - Why have you got the flowers? - Because I _______ (to visit) my teacher. - Come to the party. - OK. I ______ (to bring) my friend. - I _______ (to walk) the dog. - Wait a minute, and I _______ (to come) with you. I probably never _______ (to learn) this poem. - Have you decided what to buy Alex for his birthday? - Yes, I ______ (to buy) a computer game. - How about going for a picnic at weekend? - That's a good idea. I _______ (to make) a cake. - What presents do you think people _______ (to give) you next Christmas? -1 think my father______(to give) me a book. Perhaps somebody ______ (to give) me perfume. I don't think anybody ______ (to give) me a car. What ______ fashion _______ (to be) like in the year 2000? - I'm sure people _______ (not to wear) long dresses and suits. Clothes _______ (to be) comfortable and simple.III. Find and correct mistakes in the spelling of the following present participles.
copiing, putting, translateing, telling, closing, sitting, seing, giving, meetting, being, forgeting, lieing, getting, filing, swimming, betting, quiting, spreadding, eatting, begining, paing, openning, cutting, forbiding, laying, splitting, winning, dying, stoping
IV. Open the brackets and put the verb into the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous Tense.
1. Be quiet, please. We (work) at the translation and you (make) a lot of noise. 2. Where is Jack? — He (meet) his girlfriend at the station. She (come) at 12 o'clock. 3. Tom and Mary (leave) for the Netherlands tomorrow. 4. A decade (describe) a period of ten years. 5. Her brother (work) in Canada at present. 6. She always (dream) but (do) nothing to realize her dreams. 7. He (be) so suspicious to me at the moment. I wonder why. 8. Hurry up, Jane! We all (wait) for you. 9. Don't bother her. She (take) her French lesson: she always (take) it in the morning. 10. The living standards (change). Every month things (get) more expensive.
V. The Present Simple, Present Continuous or Present Perfect
1. As a rule, I (have) porridge for breakfast, but this morning I (order) an omelette. 2. This is the house where I (live). I (live) here since childhood. 3. Stop smoking! The room (be) full of smoke which (come) from your pipe. Usually nobody (smoke) here as Mother (not let) it. 4. I (write) letters home once a week, but I (not write) one this week, so my next letter must be rather long. 5. No wonder she (look) tired after the strain under which she (be) for a month. 6. Why you (not shave) this morning? — I (shave) every other day. 7. Research (show) that lots of people (absorb) new information more efficiently at some times of day than at others. A biological rhythm (affect) different people in different ways. 8. I just (look) at the barometer and (see) that it (fall) very quickly. 9. Don't shout so loudly. Father (not finish) work and he hates if anybody (make a noise) while he (work). 10. I regularly (see) him at the tram stop, but I (not see) him these two or three days.
VI. Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct tense, either the Past Indefinite or the Present Perfect.
1. You (find) the money which you (lose) yesterday? — Yes, I (find) it in the pocket of my coat when I (come) home. 2. The rain (stop) but a strong wind is still blowing. 3. You (see) Nick today? — Yes, but he already (leave). 4. She (meet) them in the Globus theatre last afternoon. 5. How long you (know) him? — We (meet) in 1996, but we (not see) each other since last autumn. 6. He (live) in St. Petersburg for two years and then (go) to Siberia. 7. When he (arrive)? — He (arrive) at 2 o'clock. 8. I can't go with you because I (not finish) my lessons yet. 9. He (leave) for Canada two years ago and I (not see) him since. 10. This is the fifth cup of coffee you (have) today! 11. It is the most beautiful place I ever (visit). 12. I (not see) Nick lately. Anything (happen) to him? — Yes, he (get) into an accident three weeks ago. Since that time he (be) in hospital. 13. The last post (come)? — Yes, it (come) half an hour ago. 14. When you (meet) him last? 15. You ever (be) to Japan? — Yes, I (be) there the year when there was an earthquake.
VII. Choose the correct variant.
___ ever___ to this museum? — Yes, I ___ it once when I___a youth, and the pictures___ a deep impression on me. Since then I ___ there.a) did you be, visited, was, made, was not
b) were you, visited, was, have made, was not
c) have you been, have visited, were, have made, have not been
d) have you been, visited, was, made, have not been
I ___ Jack lately. When ___ him last? — I ___ him two days ago. I ___ that he ___ very much.a) did not see, have you seen, met, thought, changes
b) have not seen, did you see, met, think, changed
c) have not seen, you saw, met, think, changed
d) do not see, have you seen, have met, thought, would change
The Egyptian civilization___ the oldest which___ us art. It___about five thousand years ago. The story of Egyptian art___ three thousand years and___the art of different periods.a) is, left, began, covers, includes
b) was, leaves, has begun, covered, included
c) is, has left, was began, has covered, has included
d) has been, left, began, covers, included
4. ___ your tennis racket with you? — Yes, I am going to show you how much I___since last summer. I ___ tennis lessons now. Now it___for you to judge if I ___ any progress.
a) did you bring, improved, take, is, have made
b) have you brought, improved, take, was, have made
c) did you bring, have improved, am taking, is, made
d) have you brought, have improved, am taking, is, have made
5. ___ lunch already? — No, not yet. The waitress _____my order fifteen minutes ago and ___ me anything yet.
a) have you, took, has not brought
b) have you had, took, has not brought
c) did you have, has taken, did not bring
d) have you have, was taken, was not brought
VIII. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Present Perfect Continuous Tense or the Present Perfect Tense.
1. I (try) to get into contact with them for a long time, but now I (give) it up as hopeless. 2. My shortsighted uncle (lose) his spectacles. We (look) for them everywhere but we can't find them. 3. She (be) of great help to us since she (live) for such a long time with us. 4. You ever (work) as interpreter? — Yes, that is what I (do) for the last five months. 5. They (make up) their quarrel? — I don't know. I only know that they (not be) on speaking terms since September. 6. Our pilot (ask) for permission to take off for ten minutes already, but he (get) no answer yet. 7. A skilful photographer (help) me with the development of summer films for two weeks, but we (develop) only half of them. 8. I (know) them since we met at Ann's party. 9. You (open) the door at last. I (ring) for an hour at least, it seems to me. 10. Look, the typist (talk) all the time, she already (miss) several words.
IX. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the proper tense, either the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
1. Don't come in. He (take) an exam. He (take) his exam for half an hour already. 2. Where are the children? — They (play volleyball). They (play volleyball) since two o'clock. 3. I (learn) to type for a month and can say that my typing (improve). 4. Nick (come) round to see us tonight. 5. He (stay) at his sister's for six weeks. He (try) to find a flat to live in. 6. We can't dance as my father (work) in the study. He (prepare) a report. He (write) it for the whole day. 7. Do you see what the child (do) with your hat? Take it from him. 8. They still (discuss) the article? But they (do) it since twelve o'clock! 9. The prices (go up). They (rise) since 19What a strong wind (blow)! It (blow) since yesterday.
X. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the proper tense (the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous, the Present Perfect Continuous or the Present Perfect Tense).
I. It (snow) steadily the whole week and it still (snow). 2. We (climb) for six hours already, but we (not reach) the top of the mountain yet. 3. The pain already (go) but the child still (cry). 4. The workers (work) very hard these two weeks, they (be) busy with the interior decoration of the house. 5. He (solve) the crossword puzzle for an hour and he (say) he (be) about to solve it as he (think) over the last word. 6. He (work) at the language all the time and (make) great progress. His pronunciation (be) rather good, only a slight accent (remain). 7. He (finish) the first part of his book and now he (write) the second. He (work) at his book for two years. 8. Dustin Hoffman, who (play) the hero, (give) a fine performance. 9. Why your hair (be) wet? You (swim)? 10. Doctors and scientists (show) recently the benefit of fish in the diet.
XI. Open the brackets and use either the Future Indefinite or the Present Continuous Tense.
1. No, I (not eat) meat any more. I am a vegetarian. 2. What's wrong? — I've got a flat tyre. — No problem. I (help) you. 3. The forecast says it (rain). 4. You (air) the room? — Certainly. 5. Nick, my TV set is again out of order. — O. K. I (fix) it. 6. What you (do) this evening? 7. Lucy (not go) anywhere this summer. Her son (go) to college. 8. I (give) you another piece of cake? — No, thanks, that (do). 9. You (help) me with this bag? 10. I (send) the letter? 11. I am afraid, it (be) difficult for you to stay there so long. 12. Where we (meet)? Victoria Station (be) all right? 13. In the 21st century people (fly) to Mars and other planets. 14. I (go) to the country for the weekend. — I (go) with you. 15. You (turn down) the radio, please?
Translate the following text:
Computer programes
In practical terms, a computer program may run from just a few instructions to many millions of instructions, as in a program for a word processor or a web browser. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigahertz or GHz) and rarely make a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors.
Errors in computer programs are called "bugs". Bugs may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases they may cause the program to "hang"—become unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, or to completely fail or "crash". Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes may be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an "exploit"—code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a program's proper execution. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design.
In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode, the command to multiply them would have a different opcode and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from—each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer just as if they were numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program, architecture. In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches.
While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember—a mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler. Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them (collectively termed low-level programming languages) tend to be unique to a particular type of computer. For instance, an ARM architecture computer (such as may be found in a PDA or a hand-held videogame) cannot understand the machine language of an Intel Pentium or the AMD Athlon 64 computer that might be in a PC.
Though considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and error prone. Therefore, most complicated programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently (and thereby help reduce programmer error). High level languages are usually "compiled" into machine language (or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language) using another computer program called a compiler.[21] Since high level languages are more abstract than assembly language, it is possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer. This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various video game consoles.
The task of developing large software systems presents a significant intellectual challenge. Producing software with an acceptably high reliability within a predictable schedule and budget has historically been difficult; the academic and professional discipline of software engineering concentrates specifically on this challenge.
Task: I. Answer the questions:
1. What is a program?
2. How are errors in computer programs called?
3. What functions can a computer perform?
4. What is “computer language”?
II. Retell the text in 10-15 sentences.
10. КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3
1. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Выделите причастия и определите их функции.
1. Leaving the cinema the people were talking about the film. 2. He stayed in St. Petersburg visiting his friends and going to museums. 3. Walking slowly along the street he met a friend of his. 4. There were many people standing at the bus stop. 5. We took a bus running in the direction of the mountains. 6. This is the road leading to our village. 7. The article translated by Jack is very interesting. 8. Hearing these words she ran out of the room. 9. Arriving in Moscow, the tourists went to a hotel. 10. When asked he brought the papers.
2. Измените структуру следующих предложений в соответствии с образцами. Переведите предложения.
Образец: The boy who is playing there is my son. - The boy playing there is my son.
1. The man who is standing at the entrance is our guide. 2. The students who are learning English will visit England at the end of the term. 3. I took the train which was leaving for Moscow.
Образец: When I was going home, I met my old friend. - (While/when) going home I met my old friend.
When I was spending my summer holidays in the students' camp I played football very often. 2. When she was leaving Moscow she sent me a message. 3. When I was staying in Suzdal I went to see some of my friends living there.Образец: The story, which was told by the teacher, was long. - The story told by the teacher was long.
1. The letters which are sent today from here to London will arrive there in five days. 2. Cities and towns, which were destroyed during the war, were built anew 3. We are proud of the leisure facilities which were added a month ago.
3. Переведите на английский язык.
1. Студенты, изучающие английский язык, скоро поедут в Лондон. 2. Вы знаете эту улыбающуюся девушку? 3. Мы сидели в фойе, ожидая нашего гида. 4. Читая газеты, мы узнаем многое о жизни и людях в разных странах. 5. Туроператор ответил на все вопросы, заданные клиентами.
4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.
1. I couldn't give you a call, with my telephone being out of order. 2. The concert was followed by a dance, many people staying for it. 3. My wife having left for several days on vacation, I had to run the house. 4. The performance being over, everybody went home. 5. The tourists were walking along the streets, with the guide explaining the history of the town.
5. Переведите следующие предложения, определяя функцию герундия.
1. I think of spending my next summer holidays in the Crimea. 2. Everybody was surprised at seeing Mr. Ray so early. 3. We did not succeed in getting tickets for the last train. 4. On learning that my friend was ill I went to see him at once. 5. There was little hope of getting confirmation. 6. Swimming in hot weather is always pleasant. 7. When will you finish reading this brochure? 8. Before leaving for London I'll let you know. 9. After receiving the keys the customers thanked the receptionist. 10. This local museum is worth seeing.
6. Замените инфинитивы, данные в скобках, соответствующими формами герундия. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I like the idea of (to organize) a swimming contest. 2. Are you fond of (to play) tennis? 3. There is no chance of (to get) tickets for this cruise. 4. I think of (to take part) in the forthcoming conference. 5. We had much difficulty in (to translate) the article. 6. I was afraid of (to be late) for the plane. 7. I remember (to tell) them about it. 8. Do you mind my (to leave) you for a moment? 9. I don't mind (to gather) at Peter's place tomorrow. 10. This hotel is not worth (to stay at).
7. Замените придаточное предложение герундиальным оборотом, используя данные в скобках предлоги.
Образец: When I came home, I called him up (on). - On coming home I called him up.
1. When he entered the room, he greeted everybody (on). 2. Before we go to the club we often call for them (before). 3. You can improve your pronunciation if you work at it regularly (by). 4. When he received the prize, he left the town (on). 5. You will never know English well unless you learn grammar (without). 6. While you were reading the text, you made a few sound mistakes (in). 7. Before I go to bed I usually listen to the latest news (before). 8. The hero helped the poor because he gave them food and shelter (by). 9. We arrived at the station, we saw that the train had left (on). 10. The students developed their speaking skills because they constantly practised their English (through).
8. Переведите слова, данные в скобках, употребляя герундий.
1. Do you mind my (курение) here? 2. Leonid is against (чтобы оставаться) there long. 3. I am afraid of (cтрелять). 4. (Гулять) in such weather is very pleasant. 5. We enjoyed (читая) this book. 6. They do not mind (пойти) to the cinema now. 7. I remember (видеть) that film. 8. Our students think of (поехать) to the country next Sunday. 9. Let's go on (работать) at this problem. 10. Will you stop (говорить, болтать)?
9. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice using the Indefinite Tenses (give two forms where possible).
A) Example: Tom gave her a book. — She was given a book. The book was given to her.
1. We request the passengers leaving for London to register. 2. The manager will sign contracts tomorrow.3. She will make a new discovery soon. 4. Steve will make a report at the conference. 5. They play tennis all year round. 6. The manager offers me several jobs. 7. They will promise you much, but don't imagine they will give you everything 8. They will give me a leave in July if there is no urgent work. 9. The Spanish government offered Columbus three ships. 10. They usually send their children to camp for summer.
В) Pay attention to prepositions
Example: She looks after him well. — He is well looked after (by her).
1. He did not touch upon this question unfortunately. 2. They agreed upon Monday as the most suitable day. 3. He referred to very interesting plans. 4. They listened to our conversation very attentively. 5. I think they will wait for us only in a week. 6. Nobody took notice of his late arrival. 7. We looked through all the advertisements very attentively. 8. People will talk much about the successful performance of the young actress. 9. She sent them for a taxi. 10. Everybody looked at her new dress with interest.
С) Using the Continuous Tenses
Example: They are solving a difficult problem now. — The problem is being solved поw.
1. Don't come in! The professor is examining students. 2. Can I read the article? — No, the secretary is typing it. 3. We had to hurry. They were waiting for us. 4. It was noisy. Nobody was listening to him. 5. Does he realize that they are laughing at him? 6. Look at this man. I think he is following us. 7. Listen carefully! He is giving a very interesting talk. 8. The waiter is serving us rather fast. 9. The secretary was looking through morning mail. 10. The interpreter is translating their conversation rather well.
D) Using the Perfect Tenses
Example: They have already brought the medicine. — The medicine has already been brought.
1. We have repaired our house lately. 2. When the fire brigade came, the fire had destroyed the building. 3. The athlete has shown much better results since this coach trains him. 4. I will have answered all the business letters by noon. 5. The president of the board has signed the document. 6. Is she washing the floor? — No, she has already washed it. his arrival they had repaired his car. 8. He has booked the tickets and the clerk will have brought them by 2 o'clock. 9. They had painted the house by his arrival. 10. The police haven't found the reason for the accident yet.
E) Using modal verbs
Example: He can do this work. — The work can be done (by him).
1. She can find a job easily. 2. The matter is urgent. They should phone her immediately. 3. The boss wants Mr. Black. You must find him. 4. I can make an interesting offer to you. 5. He's got a pay rise and now they can buy a new house. 6. You must send the document as quickly as possible. 7. The weather is warm. She may plant the flowers. 8. The document is of great importance. He must show it to us. 9. You should avoid the center of town during rush hours. 10. Their kitchen is large and they can use it as a dining room.
10. Choose the correct grammar form to translate a predicate.
1. Этот дом был построен в прошлом году. a) was being built b) has been built c) was built
2. Сейчас здесь строится новый супермаркет. a) is being built b) is building c) is built
3. Новое здание института уже построили, когда я поступила на юридический факультет.
a) was built b) has been built c) had been built
4. Студентов экзаменуют два раза в год. a) are being examined b) is examined c) are examined
5. Такие столы делают из дорогого дерева. a) are being made b) have been made c) are made
11. Open the brackets and use the verb in the appropriate form of the Passive Voice.
1. The first draft resolution (not discuss) yesterday; it (withdraw) long before the beginning of the meeting. 2. He is not in town; he (send) on a special mission. 3. Don't come into the compartment; the berth (fix) now. 4. A new underground line (construct) now. They say one of its stations (build) in my street. 5. He wants to know when the final decision (take). The activities of the committee and their delays already much (speak) about. 6. It was three o'clock. We (tell) to hurry up because we (wait). 7. Not all the necessary things (buy) for our trip that's why the departure (postpone). 8. It must (do) without delays. 9. On September 9, 1850, California (admit) to the Union as the thirty-first state. 10. This work (do) before you went to Moscow?
12. Read and translate the text
The end of intelligence.
‘Will machines ever be more intelligent than humans? The answer is clearly, yes!’ So began a lecture given last month to the British Association for the Advancement of Science by Professor Kevin Warwick of Reading University.
Sounding like a mad scientist from a bad movie, Professor Warwick went on to draw some worrying conclusions from his prediction. ‘IF machines can be made as intelligent as humans,’ he said, ‘than that’s really it for the human race.’ The machines will take over and either destroy us or force us to lead a slave-type existence. People who say it will never happen are not being realistic.’
At first glance, this looks like the fantasy of a man who has spent too long with toy robots and has lost touch with reality. For perhaps the most worrying thing about his views on the future of robots and the human race is that many other people working in artificial intelligence do not think such views are particularly eccentric.
A few years ago, Hans Moravec, the director of the Mobile Robot Laboratory in Pittsburgh, published a book called Mind Children. He also predicted that robots – the children of our minds – will be able to develop more quickly than we can to face the enormous challenges in the larger universe. We humans will benefit for a time from their work, but sooner or later, like natural children, they will seek their independence.
Neither Moravec nor Warwick is writing about the distant future, thousands of years from now. They both seem to believe that, as Moravec puts it, ‘Robots with human intelligence will be common within 50 years’, or as Professor Warwick claims, machines that are more intelligent than humans will be built ‘certainly within the lifetime of our children’.
Are all the people working in computers mad? Is there any reason to believe these predictions? ‘At present,’ Warwick claims, ‘we can make an exact copy of the brain and intelligence of some more primitive forms, for example insects. We can also create artificial animals with their own individual behavior patterns, for example taking on a more defensive or aggressive role.
This sounds impressive, but what does it mean in practice? When you move towards them, they will run away, and when the ‘threat’ is gone, they will go back again to what they were doing before, ie charging about randomly. Interesting, certainly, but it looks like a long step from there to world domination.
Are there any more convincing demonstrations of the intelligence and power of the ‘mind children?’ Well, next summer, at the World Robots Championships to be held at the Royal Concert Hall in Glasgow, we shall perhaps see.
11. Учебно-методическое обеспечение
Основная литература
(-22)Комарова, язык через культуры народов мира [Текст] : учебник / , , . – Москва : Высшая школа, 2008. – 470 с. : ил.
(-21)Либерман, язык для вузов искусств / , Фролова-, - 2-е изд., перераб.- Москва : Высш. шк., 198с.
(-20)Murphy, R. English Grammar in Use Supplementary Exercises / R. Hashemi L. - Cambridge : University Press, 2007. – 126 p.
Дополнительная литература
1. Acklam, R. Going for Gold. Coursebook / R. Acklam, S. Burgess, A. Crace. - UK : Longman, 2003. – 176 p.
2. Cunningham, S. Cutting Edge. Workbook / S. Cunninghman, P. Moor. – UK: Longman, 2003. – 96 p.
3. Dean, M. Test your Reading : Penguin English Guides / M/ Dean. – UK : Pearson Education Limited, 2003. – 121 p.
4. Evans, V. Round-up (6). – UK : Longman, 2005. – 268 p. – (Encyclopedia Britannica).
5. Farrell, M. The World of English / F. Rossi, R. Ceriani. – UK : Longman, 2003. – 129 p.
6. McDowall, D. Britain in close-up / D. McDowall. – UK : Longman, 2000. – 208 p.
7. Milanovic, M. Studies in Language Testing / M. Milanovic, C. Weir. – UK : Cambridge University Press, 2004. – 327 p.
8. Murphy, R. English Grammar in Use: . R. Murphy. – UK : Cambridge University Press, 1996. – 350 p.
9. Prodromou, L. Grammar and Vocabulary for First Certificate / L. Prodromou. – UK : Longman, 2001. – 319 p.
10. Swan, M. Practical English Usage / M. Swan. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1984. – 552 p.
11. Swan, M. How English Works : a Grammar Practical Book. M. Swan, C. Walter. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1997. – 358 p.
12. Viney, P. Yandshake : a Course in Communication. Student’s book / P. Viney, K. Viney. - Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1997. – 175 p.
13. Weiner, E. The Oxford Mini-guide to English Usage / E. Weiner. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1987. – 288 p.
13. Wellman, G. Word-builder. ELT / G. Wellman. – UK : Macmillan Heinemann, 1998. – 266 p.
14. Wyatt, R. Test your Vocabulary for FCE : penguin English Guides / R. Wyatt. – UK : Pearson Education Limited, 2004. – 124 p.
15. Петрухина, М. А. США – история и современность = The USA – History and Modern Times : английский язык : учеб. пособие по страноведению / . – Москва : АСТ: Астрель, 2008. – 480 с. : ил.
16. Радовель, : Соединенные Штаты Америки : учеб. пособие / . – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – Ростов-на-Дону : Феникс, 2008. – 313 с. – (Большая перемена).
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