Сборник грамматических упражнений (стр. 2 )

finish?   now   start	j)   John is sleeping right now. k) I need an umbrella because it is raining. l)   John and Mary are talking on the phone.	The present progressive expresses an activity that is in progress in the moment of speaking. Is began in the recent past, is continuing at present and will probably end at some point in the future.
in progress	m) I am taking five courses this semester. n) John is trying to improve his work habits. o) She is writing another book this year.	Often the activity is of a general nature: something generally in progress this week, this month, this year. Note (o): The sentence means that writing a book is a general activity she is engaged in at present, but it does not mean that at the moment of speaking she is sitting at her desk with pen in hand.

Chart 8. NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS

NON-PROGRESSIVE a) Ali knows this grammar.	Some verbs are non-progressive: they are not used in any of the progressive tenses. These verbs describe states (i. e., conditions that exist); they do not describe activities that are in progress. In (a): «Ali knows» describes a mental state that exists.
PROGRESSIVE b)Kim is reading about this grammar.	COMPARE: In (b): «Kim is reading» is an activity in progress. Progressive tenses can be used with the verb read but not with the verb know.

Chart MON NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS
(1)	MENTAL STATE	know realise understand recognise	believe feel suppose think*	imagine doubt remember forget	want need prefer mean
(2)	EMOTIONAL STATE	love like appreciate	hate dislike	fear envy	mind care
(3)	POSSESSION	possess	have*	own	belong
(4)	SENSE PERCEPTIONS	taste* smell*	hear feel*	see*
(5)	OTHER EXISTING STATES	seem look* appear*	cost owe weight*	be* exist	consist of

*Verbs with an asterisk are also commonly used as progressive verbs, with a difference in meaning, as in the following examples:

	NON-PROGRESSIVE (existing state)	PROGRESSIVE (activity in progress)
think have taste smell see feel look	I think he is a kind man. He has a car. This food tastes good. These flowers smell good. I see a butterfly. Do you see it? The cat’s fur feels soft. She looks cold. I’ll lend her my coat.	I am thinking about this grammar. I am having trouble. She is having a good time. The chief is tasting the sauce. Don is smelling the roses. The doctor is seeing a patient. Sue is feeling the cat’s fur. I am looking out the window.

appear weigh be

He appears to be asleep. A piano is heavy. It weighs a lot. I am hungry.

The actor is appearing on the stage. The grocer is weighing the bananas. Tom is being foolish.**

**COMPARE:

a) Bob is foolish. =Foolishness is one of Bob’s usual characteristics.

b) Tom is being foolish. =Right now, at the moment of speaking, Tom is doing something that the speaker considers foolish.

The verb be (+ an adjective) is used in the progressive to describe a temporary characteristic. Very few adjectives are used with be in the progressive; some of the most common are: foolish, nice, kind, lazy, careful, silly, rude, polite, impolite.

Chart 10. USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE WITH ALWAYS

a) Mary always leaves for school at 7:45.	In sentences referring to present time, usually the simple present is used with always to describe habitual or everyday activities, as in (a).
b)Mary is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor for me to pick up! Who does she think I am? Her maid? c)I am always/forever/constantly picking up Mary’s dirty socks!	In special circumstances, a speaker may use the present progressive with always to complain, i. e., to express annoyance or anger, as in (b).* In addition to always, the words forever and constantly are used with the present progressive to express annoyance.

*COMPARE:

«Mary is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor» expresses annoyance.

«Mary always leaves her dirty socks on the floor» is a statement of fact in which the speaker is not necessary expressing an attitude of annoyance. Annoyance may, however, be included in the speaker’s tone of voice.

Exercise 1

Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present progressive:

1. Debbie works (work) as an administrator at the University. She (organise) all the timetables and teaching schedules. She (work) very long hours at the moment because it’s the start of the academic year but she (go) on a short holiday at the end of the month.

2. Simon and Sylvia (stay) in a cottage in the Yorkshire Dales this month. The cottage (belong) to a cousin of Sylvia’s but the cousin is away: she (cycle) around Norfolk for a few weeks. Simon and Sylvia often (use) the cottage when Sylvia’s cousin is away. They really (enjoy) being in the middle of the countryside.

3. The International School for Languages (do) very well at the moment. About two hundred students (take) evening classes this term. Many of them (need) to learn a new language to improve their job prospects but some of them (learn) a new language purely for pleasure. The European languages (be) very popular but Japanese and Russian (get) more popular too. The school (provide) good learning facilities and (organise) a range of study tours.

4. The world population (still increase) rapidly. Many people in the world (already starve) and many more (suffer) from malnutrition. The population (grow) fastest in the poorest countries where people (need) to have children to look after them in their old age and where many of their children (die) at a very young age.

Exercise 2

Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present progressive:

Maggie and Jill, two friends, are talking at a party.

M.	Jill, how nice to see you. I don’t think (not think) we’ve seen each other since that party at Jim’s last year. How (you/get on)?
J.	Oh, fine. Everything (go) very well.
M.	(you still/go out) with Dave?
J.	No, I’m not, but I (go out) with someone called Jeremy: I met him at my pottery class.
M.	Is he here now?
J.	Yes look, he’s over there. He (talk) to Barbara.
M.	Oh, yes, I (see) him. (he/wear) a yellow jumper?

J.	Yes, that’s him.
M.	Oh, he (look) really nice.
J.	He is. I’ll introduce you to him when he (come) over here. So what about you? How (life/treat) you?
M.	Not too badly. I (still/work) at that awful cafe. I (keep) looking for other jobs but the problem is that I (feel) so tired when I (get in ) that I (not have) much energy to look through all the job ads and everything. Oh well, I (suppose) something else will come up soon.
J.	I (hope) so. Oh look, Jeremy (come over) here. (you/want) to meet him?
M.	Oh yes.

Exercise 3

Open the brackets, using the present simple or the present progressive tense:

1. Mary (see) Peter standing at the bus stop:

Mary: Hello, Peter. What bus you (wait) for?

Peter: Hello, Mary. I (wait) for a 9a or 14.

Mary: You usually (go to work) by car, don’t you?

Peter: Yes, but the car (belong) to my mother and she sometimes (want) it. She (use) it today to take Tom to the dentist.

Mary: I usually (go) by car too. Jack take me because he (pass) my office on his way to the factory. But this week he (work) in a factory in the opposite direction: so I (queue) like you.

Peter: Here’s a 9 now. You (come) on it or you (wait) for a 14?

Mary: I (think) I’ll take the 9.

2. It is Friday evening and the Brown family are at home. Mrs. Brown (listen ) to a concert on the radio, Mr. Brown (read) a paper. George Brown (do) his homework and Ann Brown (write) a letter. Mr. Brown always (read) his newspapers in the evenings. Mrs. Brown sometimes (knit) but she (not knit) tonight.

3. Mr. Black often (go) to the theatre but his wife (not go) very often He (like) all sorts of plays. She (prefer) comedies. Tonight they (watch) a very modern comedy. They (enjoy) it, but they (not understand) some of the jokes.

4. - Why that man (stand) in the middle of the road?

-He (try) to get across. He (wait) for a gap in the traffic.

-Why he (not use) the subway?

-Lots of people (not bother) to use the subway. They (prefer) to risk their lives crossing here.

5. Englishmen very seldom (talk) on the underground. They (prefer) to read their newspapers. Those two men in the corner (talk). But they (not talk) English.

6. Peter: You (go) out tonight, Paul?

Paul: No, I (stay) at home. The neighbours (come) in to watch TV.

Peter: You (invite) the neighbours often?

Paul. No, but they (invite) themselves whenever there is a good programme.

Exercise 4

Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or present progressive tense.

1. What Tom (think) of the Budget?

-He (think) it most unfair.

-I (agree) with him.

2. What this one (cost)?

-It (cost) 40 pence.

3. You (hear) the wind? It (blow) very strongly tonight.

4. You (see) my car keys anywhere?

-No, I (look) for them but I (not see) them.

5. He never (listen) to what you say. He always (think) about something else.

6. This book is about a man who (desert) his family and (go) to leave on a Pacific island.

7. You (understand) what the lecturer is saying?

-No, I (not understand) him at all.

8. What you (have) for breakfast usually?

-I usually (eat) a carrot and (drink) a glass of cold water.

9. When the curtain (rise) we (see) a group of workers. They (picket) a factory gate.

10. Why you (walk) so fast today? You usually (walk) quite slowly.

-I (hurry) because a (meet) my mother at 4 o’clock. And she (not like) to be kept waiting

11. I (wish) that dog would lie down. He (keep) jumping on my lap.

-I (think) he (want) to go for a walk.

12. You (recognise)that man?

-I (think) that I have seen him before but I (not remember) his name.

13. Look at that crowd. I (wonder) what they (wait) for.

14. This message has just arrived and the man (wait) in case you (want) to send a reply.

15. Stop! You (not see) the notice?

-I (see) it but I can’t read it because I (not wear) my glasses. What it (say)?

-It (say) «These premises are patrolled by guard dogs».

16. She always (borrow) from me and she never (remember) to pay me back.

17. You (need) another blanket or you (feel) warm enough?

18. It (save) time if you (take) the path through the wood.

-No, it (not matter) which path you take.

19. I (save) up because I (go) abroad in July.

20. I (think) it is a pity you don’t take more exercise. You (get) fat.

21. The plain that you (look) at now just (take) off for Paris.

22. Tom never (do) any work in the garden; he always (work) on his car.

23. What he (do) to his car now?

-I think he (polish) it.

24. That film (come) to the local cinema next week. You (want) to see it?

25. How Peter (get) on at school?

-Very well. He (seem) to like the life.

26. Why Mrs. Pitt (look) so angry?

-Mr. Pitt (smoke) a cigarette and (drop) the ash on the carpet.

27.This is our itinerary. We (leave) home on the 8th, (arrive) in Paris on the 9th, (spend) the day in Paris, and (set) out that night for Venice.

-That (sound) most interesting. You must tell me all about it when you (get) back.

28.This story is about a boy who (make) friends with a snake which he (find) in his garden. Then he (go) away but he (not forget) the snake and some years later he (return)and (look) for it.

29. He (find( the snake who (recognise) its old friend and (coil) round him affectionately. But, unfortunately, the snake is by now a full-grown boa-constrictor and its embrace (kill) the poor boy.

30. The snake (feel) sorry about this?

-I (not know). The story (end) there.

31. How you (end) a letter that (begin), «Dear Sir»?

I always (put), «Yours truly», and Tom (prefer) «Yours faithfully».

32. What the word «catastrophe» (mean)?

It (mean) «disaster».

Section II. Simple Past and Past Progressive

Chart 11. SIMPLE PAST

	a) I walked to school yesterday. b) He lived in Paris for ten years, but now he is living in Rome. c) I bought a new car three days ago.	The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past.
	d) I stood under a tree when it began to rain. e) When she heard a strange noise, she got up to investigate. f) When I dropped my cup, the coffee spilled on my lap.	If a sentence contains when and has the simple past in both clauses, the action in the «when clause» happens first. In (d): 1st: The rain began. 2nd: I stood under a tree.

Chart 12. PAST PROGRESSIVE

	g) I was walking down the street when it began to rain. h) While I was walking down the street, it began to rain. i) I was standing under a tree when it began to rain. j) At eight o’clock last night, I was studying. k) Last year at this time, I was attending school.	In (g): 1st: I was walking. 2nd: It began to rain In other words, both actions occurred at the same time, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other action occurred. In (j): My studying began before 8:00, was in progress at that time, and probably continued.
	l) While I was studying in one room of our apartment, my roommate was having a party in the other room.	Sometimes the past progressive is used in both parts of a sentence when two actions are in progress simultaneously.
	m) It rained this morning. n) It was raining this morning.	In some cases, the simple past and past progressive give almost the same meaning, as in (m) and (n).

Exercise 5

Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past and the past progressive.

1. What you both (do) at 7 o’clock yesterday?

-I (play) chess with my brother and Eliza (listen) to the radio.

2. He (be) the captain of a ship which (sail) that night for Discovery Bay.

3. When the doctor (leave) the hospital, he (catch) a glimpse of himself in the glass front door.

4. When her father (come) in she (sit) before a red tea-table, finishing a very good tea.

5. Next day, while he (shave) he (cut) himself slightly.

6. The door of his room (be) open; his mother still (stand) at the window.

7. I (slip) away while the others (have) coffee.

8. At nine o’clock the train (crawl) into the station. In a flash he (be) on the platform and (move) up Railway Road.

9. And, smiling to himself, he (begin) to make plans, fantastic plans for the future. He still (smile) when he (walk) up the rock-cut steps.

10. When we (talk) I notice that he (roll) a little ball of plasticine between his fingers.

11. While the water (heat), Ma Parker (begin) sweeping the floor.

12. He (gather) up this evidence in a newspaper and (carry) it back into the sitting room where Jennie (sew).

13. He (dose) off while he )watch) the new show.

14. Mark (see) the picture of Nelly in the morning paper while he (have) coffee.

15. One morning Mrs. Strickland (send)me round a note to say that she (give) a dinner-party that evening, and one of her guests (fail) her.

16. It (drizzle) when they (come) out of the house.

17. Maggie just (pass) the shop and (head) for the door when she )come) face to face with the tall bronzed man who (enter).

18. It (be) a pity I (have) to be out last night.

19. Just as they (walk) down the path to the front gate Anne (run) out of the house and (overtake) them.

20. He often (visit) us when he (live) in Moscow.

21. It (get) dark and I (suggest) that we should go down.

22. John (come) in, (look) at the fire, (stand) a moment, (turn) and (go) away.

23. She (take) me to her mother’s, where they (expect) me to lunch.

24. Listen, this girl (arrive) here two months ago.

Exercise 6

Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or the past progressive.

1. He (write) a letter when I (see) him.

2. Harry (do) his work while his brothers (play) games.

3. The man (fall) down as he (run) for the bus.

4. We (sing) a song when George (come) into the room.

5. While the teacher (give) a lesson, a small dog (walk) into the room.

6. When the telephone bell (ring), I (work) in the garden.

7. My hat (flow) off when I cross the bridge.

8. The rain (begin) to fall while we (watch) the game.

9. Just as I (get) interested in my work, I (have) to go home.

10. He (lose) his pocket-book while he (see) the sights of Rome.

11. Jack (do) his homework when his father (come) home from work.

12. Mary (wear) her new dress when I (meet) her yesterday.

13. The pupils still (write) their compositions when the bell (ring).

14. She (walk) along the street when she (see) an old friend.

15. The woman was very tired, and she (lie) on her bed when her children (come) home from school.

16. The sun (rise) when I (wake) up this morning.

17. The sick child (sleep) when the doctor (come).

18. I (read) newspaper when I (hear) a strange noise.

19. It (rain)hard when I (go) out this morning.

20. We (listen) to the wireless when the telephone hell (ring).

21. The little boy (fish) when he (fall) into the river.

22. Jack’s mother (cook) the dinner when he (come) home from school.

23. A lot of people (see) this accident while they (wait) for the bus.

24. He often (go) to the British Museum when he (study) at London University.

25. He (fall) down and (break) his leg while he (play) football.

26. The travellers (reach) the town just as the sun (set).

27. The boy (jump) off the bus while it (go).

28. The hunter (shoot) and (kill) the lion just as it (jump) on him.

29. Mary’s father often (sing) while he (cook) in the kitchen.

30. The old man never (go) out when it (rain).

31. The travellers (see) some camels as they (cross) the desert.

32. The gardener (find) a box full of money when he (dig) in the garden.

33. When I (go) out this morning, the sun (shine) and the birds (sing). It was a beautiful morning. I (walk) to the nearest park and sat down on the grass. But while I (sit) there, black clouds gathered and (hide) the sun. It (begin) to rain heavily, so I (run) home. My hat (fall) off as I (run).