Методическое руководство по организации самостоятельной работы студентов заочной формы обучения (стр. 2 )

The global economy is changing not only the way the world does business but also the way it lives and governs itself. The global economy is still very much a work in progress, presenting challenges to economists and politicians alike. Many analysts believe that the emerging global economic order, like the Industrial Revolution 200 years before it, is an epoch-making event that will fundamentally alter the world. Peter Drucker, a leading management consultant, has called the new era of the global economy “the age of social transformation.”

Globalization is a catchall term for many processes that are at the heart of the global economy: the spread of instant global communications; the rapid growth of international trade and foreign investment; and the emergence of a new breed of global corporation. The global economy is the product of all these things, and more than the sum of them. It is a revolution that enables any entrepreneur to raise money anywhere in the world and to use technology, communications, management, and labor located anywhere the entrepreneur finds them, to produce goods or services that can be sold anywhere there are customers.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.

1. How did the NYSE react to the Russian foreign debt default of 1998?

2. What economic consequences did the crisis of 1991 have?

3. Can we say that the world has already shifted to new global economy?

4. What did Peter Drucker call the era of global economy?

5. What made globalization possible (according to the author)?

НЕ нашли? Не то? Что вы ищете?

Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту (письменно).

Вариант № 3.

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.

1. … most important way of raising long – term capital is by issuing … shares.

2. The firm made … loans to … Argentine and … Brazil.

3. His wife, … pretty little thing, was … actress for … moment out of … job.

4. At first I found it difficult to understand … English money.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.

1. Does a credit union lend … money to its members? – It lends … money to its members.

2. … student can answer the question.

3. I think there is … wrong with my watch.

4. The student didn’t understand … because she heard … .

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: a) much; b) many;

c) (a) little; d) (a) few.

1. Starting a business without financial support from the bank may cause you … trouble.

2. He was so happily absorbed in the building of his house that events outside it affected him … .

3. Ads took 2 percent of the total income, … more than usual.

4. At the conference we met … people whom we knew well.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.

1. Profit … an important part in determining the allocation of resources.

a) played b) play

c) will play d) plays

petition between firms... to the elimination of firms which are unable to change their products and their methods of production.

a) lead b) leads

c) will lead d) led

3. When the company joined New York stock market, it … already … on the London market for 5 years.

a) has been b) have been

c) will have been d) had been

4. In recent years a large volume of short – term capital or ‘hot money’ … from one country to another seeking greater security or higher interest rates.

a) had been moving b) has been moving

c) have been moving d) will have been moving

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.

1. Based on the total figure, it appears that an error … in the budget.

a) is made b) are made

c) was made d) were made

2. These products … by a special team.

a) has been designed b) have been designed

c) had been designed d) will be designed

3. An industry which … increasingly … may be employing less labour but increasing its output.

a) were being mechanised b) was being mechanised

c) are being mechanised d) is being mechanised

4. A letter of credit may … only by the named beneficiary.

a) is utilized b) are utilized

c) will be utilized d) be utilized

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.

1. If production … very easily and quickly in response to an increase in demand, supply will be elastic.

a) to expand b) to be expanded

c) can be expanded d) could be expanded

2. If wages …, unemployment will increase.

a) rise b) rises

c) rose d) will rise

3. If I … in the city, I would attend his lecture.

a) am b) are

c) was d) were

4. If he … out all the drawbacks, we should have found ways to solve the problem.

a) have pointed b) has pointed

c) had pointed d) will point

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.

1. I must have my hair … tomorrow.

a) to cut b) cut

c) cuts d) will cut

2. My friend knows me … tax benefit from the government.

a) receive b) receives

c) to receive d) received

3. When did you have your watch...?

a) rapaire b) repaires

c) repaired d) will repaire

4. I hate her... a large amount of money into business. She doesn’t know how to attract customers.

a) put b) puts

c) will put d) to put

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.

petence in media planning is considered … essential for a career in media.

a) is b) am

c) are d) to be

2. A national bank is the federal government.

a) to be chartered b) will be chartered

c) is chartered d) was chartered

3. The poem is Byron.

a) has been written b) have been written

c) to have been written d) had been written

4. The playwright is supposed... at a new comedy.

a) to work b)works

c) to be working d)worked

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.

1. They sent the goods two weeks ago; so, they … have arrived by now.

a) can b) could

c) must d) need

2. These figures can’t be right. There … be a mistake somewhere.

a) can b) must

c) may d) might

3. The goods … to be delivered at the end of the month.

a) is b) are

c) was d) were

4. If you pass your examinations, you … to go to the south.

a) is allowed b) are allowed

c) will allowed d) were allowed

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения

с русского языка на английский язык.

1. Менеджер компании должен тщательно анализировать экономическую обстановку.

2. Инфляция сокращает покупательскую способность потребителей и, следовательно, спрос.

3. Для того, чтобы определить соответствующую категорию данного товара или рынка, необходимо учитывать ряд факторов.

4. Как потребительский, так и отраслевой рынки могут подразделяться на регионы.

XI. Прочтите текст. Письменно переведите 1 и 3 абзацы

Letters of Credit

1. Letters of credit may be either revocable or irrevocable.

The revocable letter of credit carries a risk to the seller. It may be amended or cancelled at any moment without prior notice to the beneficiary. The irrevocable letter of credit can neither be amended nor cancelled without agreement of all parties.

2. A letter of credit may be utilized only by the named beneficiary. Sometimes, though, the importer wants to make the letter of credit transferable to another person or company. The bank then prepares a transferable letter of credit addresses to the beneficiary “and/or transferee”.

3. The revolving letter of credit is used when a series of identical transactions is made over a fixed period of time.

Sometimes a customer may want a bank to issue a traveler’s letter of credit, which is also called a circular letter of credit. It provides a traveler with access to large sums as he makes a trip.

4. Many foreign banks are not well known internationally. Because of this, a foreign bank usually sends its letters of credit through a United States bank and asks the United States bank to advise and confirm them. This results in advised letters of credit and confirmed letters of credit.

Задание XII. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

The Stock Trade

In an example of a trade, an investor wanting to buy 200 shares of IBM stock will telephone or e-mail the order to a brokerage firm. This communication is normally made to an individual called a stockbroker. The investor might want to buy the shares at the market, or current, price. On the other hand, the investor may choose to pay no more than a set amount per share. The brokerage firm then contacts one of its floor brokers at the NYSE, the exchange on which IBM stock is traded. The floor broker then goes to IBM’s stock post—that is, the particular spot on the trading floor where IBM stock is traded. Here other floor brokers will be buying and selling the same stock. The activity around the post is an auction market with transactions typically communicated through hand signals. The most important person at the post is a broker-dealer called a specialist. The job of the specialist is to manage the auction process. For this service, the investor will pay the original broker a commission, either as a set fee or as a percentage of the purchase price.

The price of a stock depends on the market forces of supply and demand. With companies issuing only a limited number of shares, price is determined by demand. An increase in demand will raise the price whereas a decrease in demand will lower the price. Normally the demand for a particular stock depends on expectations regarding the profits of the corporation that issued the stock. The more optimistic these expectations are, the greater the demand will be and, therefore, the greater the price of the stock.

Financial loss or gain can be greater with common stock than with preferred stock. Holders of common stock have the last claim on the earnings and assets of a company, and they may receive dividends only after all other claims on profits have been satisfied. For example, if the company is dissolved, stockholders share in what is left only after all other claims have been settled. Because dividends and equity do not have fixed dollar values, holders of common stock can get greater benefits when a company is prosperous or lose more when a company is doing poorly than holders of preferred stocks. Preferred stock shareholders usually receive a fixed dividend before any payments are made to common stockholders.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.

1. Does stock exchange function like an ordinary shop where anybody can buy its products?

2. What are responsibilities of a ‘specialist’?

3. How is share price determined?

4. What kind of shares is riskier but potentially more profitable?

5. What type of shareholders gets their money first if the company is dissolved?

Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту (письменно).

Вариант № 4.

1. … price quotations are of major importance.

2. I know … work I’ve done is … good work, the best of my life.

3. This thought gave him … immense satisfaction.

4. However, I don’t propose to discuss … politics, … sociology or … metaphysics with you.

1. Do pension funds invest … money into the industry?

2. There are … matches left. We must buy … .

3. Will you bring … with you or you come alone?

4. If you look in the yellow pages, I am sure you’ll find … who can fix your TV.

c) (a) little; d) (a) few.

1. Banks in the USA are subject to … government regulations.

2. My sister spends so … money on her clothes that she has none left for holidays.

3. Knowledge of one foreign language is too … for a manager.

4. He had … English books at home, so he had to go to the library for more books.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.

1. We … five new applications since the beginning of the year.

a) has been testing b) had been testing

c) have been testing d) will have been testing

2. As soon as we … the new line, productivity went up.

a) had installed b) has installed

c) will have installed d) have installed

3. The manager … out the strategic planning for the company.

a) worked b) works

c) will work d)work

4. The reserve cash … our company avoid bank charges last summer.

a) helps b) help

c) helped d) will help

1. The ordinary share capital of a company … usually … to as the equity of the company.

a) is referred b) are referred

c) was referred d) were referred

2. When the bell rang, this question … still … .

a) is being discussed b) are being discussed

c) was being discussed d) were being discussed

3. When the advertisement … in the newspaper?

a) is placed b) are placed

c) will have been placed d) will be placed

4. Businesses that distribute or deal in money … financial institutions.

a) is called b) are called

c) was called d) were called

1. If our supplier … to miss deadlines, we must look for alternatives.

a) continue b) continues

c) continued d) will continue

2. If the consultant … more careful research, he would have identified the gap in the market.

a) have done b) has done

c) had done d) will have done

3. If the agent … on the agreement, we would have taken legal action.

a) will have defaulted b) would have defaulted

c) has defaulted d) had defaulted

4. If the market for our products …, we will have a 20 per cent increace in turnover next year.

a) expand b) expands

c) expanded d) will expand

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.

1. We’d like them … further details about prices and terms of delivery.

a) will have b) to have

c) have d) had

2. He heard her ear... from the opposite direction.

a) approach b) approaches

c) approached d) to approach

3. When did you have your customers... loan payments?

a) make b) makes

c) to make d) made

4. He wanted his letters... at once.

a) is sent b) are sent

c) to be sent d) to send

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.

1. That power station is known … an the Angara River.

a) is situated b) are situated

c) to be situated d) to situate

2. Your equipment was heard … to our conditions.

a) has been adapted b) have been adapted

c) to have been adapted d) had been adapted

3. The climate is considered … healthful.

a) to be b) is

c) am d) are

4. This appeared … the policeman.

a) amuse b) amuses

c) amused d) to amuse

1. … I make a comment at this point? – Yes, of course you … .

a) may b) might

c) can d) must

2. He... have made a decision yesterday.

a) can b) must

c) should d) need

3. I... not go out today: it is too cold.

a) may b) can

c) need d) must

4. We... to buy biscuits because granny had baked a delicious pie.

a) didn’t have b) don’t have

c) doesn’t have d) won’t have

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения

с русского языка на английский язык.

1. Совет директоров – это группа лиц, играющая основную роль в деятельности организации.

2. Продукция, производимая различными отраслями экономики, может классифицироваться по нескольким признакам.

3. Согласно закону о партнерстве, прибыли и потери распределяются поровну.

4. Главным недостатком, как индивидуального предпринимательства, так и партнерства является неограниченная ответственность.

XI. Прочтите текст. Письменно переведите 1 и 4 абзацы

Investors

1. Investors may be organizations or individuals. Organization as institutional investors buy securities with their funds or funds held in trust for others. Major institutional investors are insurance companies make their investments generate profits and funds for paying future insurance claims. A pension fund wants to make money on its investments so that it can pay off pensioners.

2. The other types of investors are individuals who trade securities for their own accounts. The majority of personal investors have rather small stock portfolios usually valued at less than $50,000. They often use these funds for major purchases such as a home, retirement income, or as a source of cash in case of emergency.

3. The objectives of investors can be identified in terms of speculation, growth, and income.

4. Some investors set an objective of achieving big payoffs. They engage in speculation, or assuming large risks in the hope of large returns. One of the ways to speculate is to buy «penny stock». It is highly speculative stock that sells at less than $5. A $1 stock that is in high demand may rapidly run up to $3 thus tripling the initial investment. «Penny stock» is typically a share in new ventures.

5. More investors are interested in long term growth in the value of their investment. They tend to prefer the so called blue chip stocks of large, high quality companies such as IBM, General Motors, American Express. The dividend for blue chip stocks is rather low because these firms reinvest must of their profits in research in order to remain competitive.

Задание XII. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Being an Entrepreneur

Studies show that most successful businessmen consider common sense as the foundation of their mon sense is defined as an ability to make sound judgments on the issues, which you encounter in everyday situations. Good judgment depends on acquired knowledge and past experience. The combination of these two creates necessary prerequisites in developing common sense in a mon sense allows you to understand complex issues in simpler terms and get into the core of a problem.

It is easier to start a successful business, if you have deep knowledge of the business field that you decide to pursue. About half of all home-based start-ups are launched by people who decide to use the knowledge, which they gained from their previous work experience of a particular niche area. Around 45 percent of all start-ups fail to survive more than two years. One of the main reasons is many entrepreneurs do not accumulate needed industry knowledge before jumping into business world.

Self confidence is a key entrepreneurial skill for success. It is easy to become demoralized, frustrated and resentful if you lack self-confidence. A successful entrepreneur believes in his abilities. He is not scared to explore unchartered territories, take risk and take difficult decisions. Self-confidence, however, is not a personal trait that either you have or you don't. This is one of those skills that can be developed by training. Successful entrepreneurs are persistent and hardworking. They master self-discipline to such extent that if a work is important and related to their goals, they will, eventually, complete it. Getting things done is the vital link between motivations and their outcome. At times, entrepreneurs force themselves to choose work over fun, a boring job against a pleasant one, working on tax papers rather than reading a glamour magazine. This requires a self-control that many people simply fail to develop.

Creativity is the ability to use your insights and come up with new solutions to old problems, get things done in a different way or find a totally different approach for conventional things to work together. Entrepreneurs need creative thinking ability virtually in everything. Each new product, each new marketing method, each business decision – all these are fertile ground for creative thinking. Often, entrepreneurs become immensely successful thanks to one single creative idea!

Entrepreneurs are capable of leading people and get work done by them. They use a combination of various methods – effective motivation, planning, coaching and evaluation – to lead people. They are concerned about the wellbeing of others and easily get along with people.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.

1. What is common sense?

2. Why do about 45 per cent of all start-up do not survive more than two years?

3. What happens to people who lack self-confidence?

4. Why do entrepreneurs need to be creative?

5. What methods can be used to lead people?

Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту (письменно).

Вариант № 5.

. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.

1. … largest and best known exchange in … USA is … New York Stock Exchange.

2. He had … pronounced views on what … United States was doing for … world.

3. I’m not … wage – earner; I’m … self – employed man. I nave … business of my own.

4. I see that your house is built of … wood. Are you insured against … fire?

1. There are … commercial finance companies that provide collateralized loans to businesses.

2. If you have … news, call me back.

3. … has any right to interfere in this matter.

4. Oh, wait a minute. There is … going on.

c) (a) little; d) (a) few.

1. Savings and Loan Associations attract … small savers who do not want to have any risk.

2. My engagements were … and I was glad to accept the invitation.

3. It’s no use asking him about it. He has … knowledge of the subject.

4. We have to earn as … interest as possible in order to keep up with the inflation.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.

1. When Mr. Smith retires next week, he … for our firm for 30 years.

a) will have been working b) will work

c) will be working d) is working

2. Turnover … by 5 per cent this year.

a) had increased b) has increased

c) have increased d) will increase

3. The sum of those individual demands … the business person to undertake production.

a) provide b) will provide

c) provides d) provided

4. Changes in the total population and changes in the age distribution … both the total demand for goods and services and the composition of that demand.

a) affect b) affect

c) affected d) will affect

1. The ordinary shareholder is entitled to the residue of profits after all other claims … .

a) has been met b) have been met

c) had been met d) was met

2. She … some bad advice about selecting courses.

a) is given b) are given

c) was given d) were given

3. The highest interest … to the customers who deposit their money for a long period.

a) were paid b) was paid

c) are paid d) is paid

4. The goods could not … of in a short time.

a) will be disposed b) would be disposed

c) be disposed d) are disposed

1. If we … that the stock of capital is being increased relative to the stocks of the other factors of production, the returns to capital will be diminishing.

a) to assume b) assume

c) assumes d) assumed

2. We might beat the price increases, if we ... the investment now.

a) makes b) made

c) make d) to make

3. We would be very grateful if you... us the information as soon as possible.

a) send b) sends

c) would send d) will send

4. If the radicals... the government more possible, they have wasted their time.

a) hasn’t made b) haven’t made

c) hadn’t made d) didn’t make

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.

1. He heard them … new equipment the following Wednesday.

a) to install b) to be installed

c) installs d) install

2. I must have my profiles... .

a) increase b) increased

c) will increase d) increases

3. The teacher wants our homework... well.

a) to prepare b) to be prepared

c) prepares d) prepared

4. I’d like you … our products in the American market.

a) to represent b) to be represented

c) represents d) represented

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.

1. The food is reported … much damage to the crops.

a) has caused b) have caused

c) had caused d) to have caused

2. The discussion seemed … to an end.

a) to come b) to be coming

c) comes d) come

3. His office turned out … in one of the back streets.

a) to be b) am

c) is d) are

4. A country is said … its economy by erecting artificial trade barriers.

a) protect b) protects

c) to protect d) to be protected

1. The company … waste any more time on this project.

a) couldn’t b) shouldn’t

c) can’t d) needn’t

2. The Internet … provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems.

a) must b) need

c) may d) should

3. Please let us known what quantities of goods you … to deliver till September.

a) is able b) are able

c) was able d) were able

4. All invoices … be paid not later than 30 days from the data of issue.

a) may b) might

c) must d) can

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения

с русского языка на английский язык.

1. Сырьевые материалы, такие как кофе, сахар, медь и т. д., покупаются и продаются на товарных биржах.

2.Если урожай низок, покупатели предлагают более высокие цены, чтобы обеспечить себя необходимой продукцией.

3.То, что между рынками и отраслями национального хозяйства существует тесная взаимосвязь, – очевидно.

4. Рыночная цена определяется сбалансированным влиянием спроса и предложения всех покупателей и продавцов на рынке.

XI. Прочтите текст. Письменно переведите 1 и 3 абзацы

Advertising

1. Advertising is the act of making a product, a service, a job vacancy, an event. etc. publicly known. It is a nonpersonal form of communication through paid means of information distribution with a clearly stated source of financing.

2. The advertising has many applications. A corporate image advertising is used to form a lasting image. A product advertising is used to distinguish a certain brand of products compared to other brands of the same trade *****bric advertising is used to distribute information about services, events or some sale. Clearance advertising is used to announce of some clearance sale. Explanatory advertising is used to uphold some idea.

panies with strong advertisement department often resort to the services of advertising agencies. The agencies get a commission, usually a 15% discount of the value of the purchased advertising space. For instance, the agency buys an advertising space for 60 thousand dollars. The magazine draws up an invoice for 51 thousand dollars on the agency (60 thousand minus 15%), the agency in its turn charges the client the full amount of 60 thousand dollars keeping back 9 thousand dollars.

4. Making advertisement is a five-stage process which includes such stages as:

1) setting the objectives;

2) drawing up a budget;

3) the appeal;

4) the choice of means of information distribution;

5) assessment of the results.

Задание XII. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

The Political Parties in the USA

The framers of the United States Constitution made no provision in the governmental structure for the functioning of political parties because they believed that parties were a source of corruption and an impediment to the freedom of people to judge issues on their merits. James Madison argued in his The Federalist “No. 10” paper against a system in which “factions” (his word for parties) might be able to seize control of the government. George Washington, in accordance with the thinking of his fellow Founding Fathers, included in his Cabinet men of diverse political philosophies and policies, rather than narrow his choices to those of a single political outlook.

The two-party system developed gradually as Democratic-Republicans began quarreling over several issues. The followers of Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams, who asserted that the federal government should actively promote economic development, became known as National Republicans. Their opponents, who eventually united behind the presidential candidacy of Andrew Jackson, took the Democratic-Republican 1828 the Democratic-Republicans were known as the Democratic Party.

After the Civil War, as U. S. industrialization proceeded at great speed, the Republican Party became the champion of the nation’s manufacturing interests, railroad builders, speculators, and financiers, and to a lesser extent, of the workers of the North and West. The Democratic Party was revived after the war as a party of opposition; its strength lay primarily in the South, where it was seen as the champion of the lost Confederate cause. Support also came from immigrants and those who opposed the Republicans’ Reconstruction policies.

Soon after Republican presidential candidate Herbert Hoover won the 1928 presidential election, the nation’s economy collapsed. The Great Depression, which produced unprecedented economic hardship, stemmed from a variety of causes, but from the perspective of millions of Americans the Republican Party had not done enough to promote economic recovery. In 1932 Americans elected Democratic presidential candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt, known as FDR, and a solidly Democratic Congress. FDR developed a program for economic recovery he dubbed the New Deal. Under the New Deal, the size and reach of America’s national government was substantially increased.

Although there is not much difference between the two parties and they would agree on most crucial issues, the two-party system gives a sense of choice and helps promote candidates. However, one does not need to be a member of any party at all to occupy a position in the government and be involved in politics.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.

1. What was the Founding Fathers’ attitude to parties?

2. How did the two party system emerge in the USA?

3. What geographic region supported mostly the Democratic Party in the 19th century?

4. What party was blamed for the Great Depression?

5. Does one need to be a member of a political party to occupy a position in the government?

Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту (письменно).

Вариант № 6.

1. … safest type of securities are … government bonds because they are backed by … government.

2. … third way to transfer money abroad is … foreign draft.

3. Obviously we take … different views of … world. I want … better world.

4. … power tends to corrupt and … absolute power corrupts absolutely.

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