Методическое руководство по организации самостоятельной работы студентов заочной формы обучения (стр. 3 )

1. There are … non – deposit financial institutions in the USA.

2. It was unlikely that … of the guests would take particular notice of it.

3. … at the airport could tell me … about this hotel.

4. … time wastes in moving from one job to another.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: a) much; b) many;

c) (a) little; d) (a) few.

1. Only … major customers can keep up with the rise of the service prices.

2. He didn’t earn … money and lived in the country.

3. At the bar … men were discussing the coming elections in loud barking voices.

4. Our credit union pays a higher rate than … other financial institutions.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.

1. That firm … on negotiations for the purchase of ore.

a) are carrying b) is carrying

c) was carrying d) were carrying

2. We carefully examined the samples with they … us.

a) has sent b) have sent

c) had sent d) will sent

3. The borrower’s ability to repay … on the purpose of the loan.

a) depended b) depend

c) will depend d) depends

4. We … the Board of Directors tomorrow by 5.

a) will have elected b) will elect

c) will be electing d) elect

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.

1. The output of agricultural products … seriously … by variations in weather conditions.

a) is affected b) are affected

c) was affected d) were affected

НЕ нашли? Не то? Что вы ищете?

2. The legal control of monopoly … substantially … and modified since the first legislation in 1948.

a) had been extended b) will be extended

c) has been extended d) have been extended

3. Most government securities are marketable and may … and sold on the Stock Exchange.

a) is bought b) are bought

c) was bought d) be bought

4. Shipping … by heavy storms.

a) was affected b) were affected

c) is affected d) are affected

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.

1. If we … production volume, we … from a more economic batch size.

a) will increase b) would increase

c) increase d) increases

2. If the government … the tax incentive scheme, we would have faced serious financial difficulties.

a) hasn’t introduced b)haven’t introduced

c) hadn’t introduced d) wouldn’t introduced

3. If a government … taxation, it gains a lot of popular support.

a) cut b) cuts

c) will cut d) would cut

4. If we … new equipment, we will become uncompetitive.

a) don’t install b) doesn’t install

c) didn’t install d) hadn’t installed

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.

1. I’d like her … a shopping list first.

a) make b) makes

c) made d) to make

2. Mother didn’t want us … ice – cream before dinner.

a) to eat b) eat

c) eats d) ate

3. I made my partner … the Board of Directors.

a) to consult b) consult

c) consults d) consulted

4. I must have my own business … .

a) start b) starts

c) started d) will start

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.

1. The financial manager was considered … the needed funds for the next year yesterday.

a) to obtain b) to have obtained

c) obtains d) obtained

2. He was said … one of the most promising nuclear physicists.

a) to be b) am

c) is d) are

3. He appeared … his patience.

a) was losing b) were losing

c) to lose d) to be losing

4. He sure … me all about this even if don’t ask him.

a) tell b) tells

c) to tell d) told

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.

1. The manufacturer … pay employee wages.

a) can b) may

c) must d) need

2. …. I speak to Paul Griffits, please? – I’m afraid you can’t. He is in a meeting at the moment.

a) must b) can

c) may d) should

3. The goods were packed in strong boxes so that they … withstand overseas transport.

a) can b) could

c) may d) might

4. It is raining. You … to put on your raincoat.

a) has b) had

c) have d) will have

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения

с русского языка на английский язык.

1. Если цена рынка будет ниже предельных издержек производства, то менее эффективные фирмы будут вынуждены покинуть отрасль.

2. Компания, контролирующая 25% рынка, в Великобритании, считается сегодня монополией.

3. Рынок может быть сегментирован по регионам, городам, торговым объединениям и т. д.

4. В современном маркетинге значение марки товара настолько возросло, что этому вопросу следует уделить особое внимание.

XI. Прочтите текст. Письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы

Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly

1. Monopolistic competition occurs when a large number of firms produce slightly differentiated products. These firms sell similar but not identical products. Monopolistic competition resembles perfect competition in three ways: there are many buyers and sellers, entry and exit is easy, and firms take other firms’ prices as given. The distinction is that products are identical under perfect competition, while products are differentiated under monopolistic competition.

2. The firm under monopolistic competition is likely to produce less, and charge a higher price, that under perfect competition. Relative to pure monopoly, monopolistically competitive firms are likely to have lower profits, greater output, and lower prices. Firms under monopolistic competition will, of course, offer a wider variety of styles, brands, and qualities than will firms under perfect competition.

3. Oligopoly is characterized by a small number of firms and a great deal of interdependence. Oligopoly is a common market structure in the US. In oligopolistic industries prices tend to be rigid.

4. Price leadership is quite common in oligopolistic industries, one or a few firms setting the price and the rest following their lead.

5. Relative to perfect competition, it seems likely that price and profits will be higher under oligopoly. Moreover, oligopolistic industries will tend to spend more on advertising, product differentiation, and style changes than perfectly competitive industries.

Задание XII. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Money

Money is any medium of exchange that is widely accepted in payment for goods and services and in settlement of debts. Money also serves as a standard of value for measuring the relative worth of different goods and services. The number of units of money required to buy a commodity is the price of the commodity. The monetary unit chosen as a measure of value need not, however, be used widely, or even at all, as a medium of exchange. During the colonial period in America, for example, Spanish currency was an important medium of exchange, while the British pound served as the standard of value.

The functions of money as a medium of exchange and a measure of value greatly facilitate the exchange of goods and services and the specialization of production. Without the use of money, trade would be reduced to barter, or the direct exchange of one commodity for another; this was the means used in primitive societies, and barter is still practiced in some parts of the world. In a barter economy, a person having something to trade must find another who wants it and has something acceptable to offer in exchange. In a money economy, the owner of a commodity may sell it for money, which is acceptable in payment for goods, thus not wasting the time and effort that would be required to find someone who could make an acceptable trade. Money may thus be regarded as a keystone of modern economic life.

Before paper and coins were introduced as permanent forms of money, people used a variety of other objects to serve as money for trading goods. Examples of early forms of money include rice (China), dogs’ teeth (Papua New Guinea), small tools (China), quartz pebbles (Ghana), gambling counters (Hong Kong), cowrie shells (India), metal disks (Tibet), and limestone disks (Yap Island).

Greek coins became fundamental building blocks for European civilization. With such small change jingling in their purses, Greek merchants traveled around the Mediterranean, buying all that was rare and beautiful from coastal dwellers and spreading their ideas of art, government, politics, and the fourth century B. C., Alexander the Great was acquiring huge amounts of gold and silver through his conquests and issuing coins bearing his image, which some researchers call "ads for empire building."

Indeed the small change in our pockets literally made the Western world what it is today. If money had never developed, we would all still be bartering. Money opened the door to trade, which opened the door for specialization. And that made possible a modern society.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.

1. What functions does money have?

2. What would commerce look like without money?

3. What was used as money before coins and banknotes appeared?

4. What were Greek merchants spreading around the Mediterranean in addition to just the goods?

5. Why is specialization almost impossible without money?

Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту (письменно).

Вариант № 7.

. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.

1. One of … ways to speculate is to buy “penny stock”.

2. She made … long telephone call from … lobby and ate … quick lunch.

3. … bank’s most important activity is … extension of credit.

4. … travel agent would give you … information about … hotels.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.

1. … banks are experimenting with accounts.

2. … boy at school had ever taken a scholarship to the university.

3. If … delays you, you must let me known.

4 You can’t expect just … student to solve the problem. It requires a mathematician.

c) (a) little; d) (a) few.

1. No matter how … money you have can open a bank account.

2. I have so … things to do that I don’t know which to do first.

3. Only … of our customers have accounts.

4. … information is supplied by stockbrokers.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.

1. Small banks now … with larger banks by finding a special need and meeting it.

a) was competing b) were competing

c) is competing d) are competing

2. At last our company … to reduce each outgo today.

a) have decided b) had decided

c) has decided d) decided

then the rapid pace of industrialization in the United States meant that measuring time … essential.

a) has become b) have become

c) had become d) was become

4. At this time tomorrow she … her shopping.

a) was doing b) were doing

c) will do d) will be doing

1. As a letter of credit had not been opened by the buyers, the goods could not … by us.

a) be shipped b) will be shipped

c) is shipped d) are shipped

2. We think that the ship … next week.

a) would be chartered b) will be chartered

c) has been chartered d) have been chartered

3. When I arrived at the port, all the cases … by skilled workers.

a) are packed b) is packed

c) has been packed d) had been packed

4. It … that he never phoned his home from the office.

a) will notice b) would notice

c) was notice d) were notice

1. They can ensure the quantity of the product if they … the supervisors.

a) to train b) train

c) trains d) trained

2. If we installed new equipment, we would become more competitive.

a) to install b) install

c) installs d) installed

3. We would have to reduce our workforce if the bank... to extend our credit.

a) refuse b) refuses

c) refused d) will refuse

4. If you... to these terms, we’ll send you our contract.

a) agree b) agreed

c) will agree d) would agree

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.

1. I’d like him … some calculations.

a) to make b) make

c) makes d) made

2. He made me … our business matter with clients.

a) to discuss b) discuss

c) discussed d) discussed

3. Where do you usually have your dress... .

a) to make b)make

c) made d) makes

4. I expect him... a just man.

a) am b) is

c) are d) to be

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.

1. The article is likely … in the next issue of the journal.

a) appear b) appeared

c) to appear d) to be appeared

2. You can easily get in through the window if the door happens.

a) to lock b) to be locked

c) lock d) locked

3. A meeting was announced … for our top executives at 11 o’clock.

a) to be b) is

c) was d) were

4. Our company was heard … through arbitration procedures.

a) go b) went

c) to go d) to be gone

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.

1. When they send e-mail massages they only … to pay for their phone calls to their local service providers.

a) must b) can

c) have d) may

2. He asked me if he... borrow my car.

a) may b) might

c) can d) could

3. He... to join the sports section as soon as he is through with his examination.

a) is allowed b) are allowed

c) will be allowed d) to be allowed

4. According to our conditions of sale, your remittance... to expect on March 12.

a) is b) are

c) was d) were

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения

с русского языка на английский язык.

1. Все решения по маркетингу должны приниматься в соответствии с финансовой дисциплиной.

2. Во время кризиса предприятие вынуждено было сократить производство.

3. Упаковка должна обеспечивать полную сохранность товара и защищать его от повреждения во время транспортировки.

4. Если качество товара не соответствует обусловленному в контракте, рекламации могут быть заявлены в гарантийный срок.

XI. Прочтите текст. Письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы

Earning Money

1. The statement above is, of course, not literally true. However, it does reflect a certain lack of enthusiasm for work in general. At the upper end of the social scale this attitude to work exists because leisure has always been the main outward sign of aristocracy. And because of Britain’s class system, it has had its effects throughout society. If you have to work, then the less it looks like work the better. Traditionally therefore, a major sign of being middle class (as opposed to working class) has been that you do non-manual work. The fact that skilled manual (or ‘blue-collar’) workers have been paid more highly than the lower grades of ‘white-collar’ (i. e. non-manual) worker for several decades has only slightly changed this social perception. This ‘anti-work’ outlook among the working class has led to a relative lack of ambition or enthusiasm and a belief that high earnings are more important than job satisfaction.

2. These attitudes are slowly changing. For example, al least half of the workforce now does non-manual work, and yet a majority describe themselves as working class. It would therefore seem that the connection between being middle class and doing non-manual work is growing weaker. Nevertheless, the connection between class distinctions and types of types of work lives on in a number of ways. One illustration of this is the different way in which earnings.

Задание XII. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi Group is a Japanese group of industrial companies that includes some of the largest companies in the world. The Mitsubishi Group is a keiretsu, a group of affiliated companies that are legally independent, but have extensive cross-holdings and exclusive business relationships. Mitsubishi means “three diamonds” in Japanese.

The largest Mitsubishi companies include Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, and Mitsubishi Electric Corporation. Mitsubishi Corporation operates in a wide variety of industries, including telecommunications, aerospace, fuels, metals, machinery, chemicals, textiles, and clothing. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries manufactures a large variety of industrial products and machinery, including ships, steel products, power plants, transportation systems, printing presses, aircrafts, guided missiles, torpedoes, and air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. Mitsubishi Motors, one of Japan’s largest automobile manufacturers, produces passenger cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles. Mitsubishi Electric makes an enormous range of electronic products, including computers and computer peripherals, televisions, videocassette recorders, kitchen appliances, large-screen display systems, and semiconductor devices. Mitsubishi Electric also makes artificial satellites, radar and guidance systems, power generators, electric trains, and industrial robots. Other notable companies in the Mitsubishi Group are Mitsubishi Bank, one of Japan’s largest banks; Nikon Corporation, a manufacturer of cameras and optical instruments; and Kirin Brewery Company, Ltd., Japan’s largest brewery.

Mitsubishi traces its roots to 1870, when Yataro Iwasaki leased three steamships to form a shipping company called Tsukomo Shokai. In 1875 the company changed its name to Mitsubishi Mail Steamship Company. In the 1880s Iwasaki diversified the company by purchasing a coal mine and leasing a shipyard to build ships. In the 1920s and 1930s the company, by then known as Mitsubishi Company, expanded into a number of other industries, including petroleum and power the early 1940s it was one of Japan’s largest conglomerates.

During World War II () Mitsubishi manufactured airplanes, ships, and explosives for the Japanese military. However, after the war the United States Army occupied Japan and ordered the dismantling of Mitsubishi and other Japanese conglomerates, banning the Mitsubishi name from corporate use. As U. S. troops withdrew, the Japanese government encouraged the conglomerates to reunite. In 1964 three of the largest Mitsubishi companies reintegrated as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. In 1970 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries transformed its car-manufacturing division into a subsidiary company called Mitsubishi Motors. A year later the Chrysler Corporation bought 15 percent of Mitsubishi Motors, a move that began a long relationship between the two companies. In the 1970s, for example, Chrysler marketed the Dodge Colt and Plymouth Arrow, both made by Mitsubishi, in the United States.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.

1. What does the word ‘mitsubishi’ mean?

2. Does Mitsubishi Corporation produce cars?

3. Which of the following is not provided or made by the Mitsubishi Group companies: banking services, medicine, or beer?

4. What was Mitsubishi involved in during World War II?

5. What American car manufacturer became a long-time partner of Mitsubishi?

Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту (письменно).

Вариант № 8.

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.

1. … majority of … personal investors have rather small stock portfolios.

2. … apples are sold by … pound. These are forty pence … pound.

3. I don’t know what … price … owners are asking.

4. She’d been to … Oxford and she’d taken her degree in … economics.

1. … people go to the bank in search of a safe place to keep their money.

2. They understood each other without … words.

3. But in any case, what can … do?

4. … one knows who started the world’s first bank.

c) (a) little; d) (a) few.

1. Very … financial institutions nowadays keep off technical innovations in the banking industry.

2. Last week there was so … rain that I was not able to go out.

3. He was in good shape, but perhaps should take thinks … easier.

4. This lemon drink is sour; if you put … lumps of sugar in it, it will be sweeter.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.

1. The demand for bread … in Western Europe for several years.

a) is declining b) was declining

c) have been declining d)has been declining

2. I suggested meeting again after we … the proposals.

a) has read b) have read

c) had read d) read

3. When population is growing fast, the proportion of the people in the younger age … .

a) will be increasing b) increases

c) will increase d) increased

4. The large industrialized countries … for a large proportion of international trade.

a) will account b) accounted

c) will be accounting d) account

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.

1. A personnel manager … now … .

a) will be appointed b) had been appointed

c) has been appointed d) have been appointed

2. Prices … by supply and demand and the willingness to buy and sell is subject to many influences.

a) is determined b) are determined

c) was determined d) were determined

3. A good many business transactions … with an enquiry.

a) is opened b) are opened

c) was opened d) were opened

4. The contract … now.

a) is being typed b) are being typed

c) was being typed d) were being typed

1. If we … the chance, the competitors products will stay on the supermarket shelves.

a) don’t lose b) doesn’t lose

c) didn’t lose d) wouldn’t lose

2. What will a company do if it … some idle money on hand?

a) have b) has

c) had d) will have

3. If the market value … up, the dividends will also increase.

a) will go b) would go

c) goes d) go

4. If we … this right, we would have got more sales.

a) will promote b) would promote

c) have promote d) had promoted

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.

1. I’d like her … such a competent trainee as you are in our company.

a) has b) have

c) had d) to have

2. He wanted me … to the President of the company.

a) to introduce b) introduces

c) introduced d) will introduce

3. We are going to have the price of the toothpaste … .

a) reduce b) reduces

c) reduced d) will reduce

4. We heard them … up the legislative programme of consumer protection.

a) set b) sets

c) will set d) would set

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.

1. Advertising is known … one of the most important factors in accelerating the distribution of products.

a) was b) were

c) to be d) is

2. The number of the unemployed is reported … with every year.

a) is increasing b) am increasing

c) are increasing d) to be increasing

3. They were sure … to an understanding.

a) to come b) come

c) comes d) came

4. You appear … in him something that I have missed.

a) has found b) have found

c) to have found d) had found

1. Franchisees … be willing to work long hours and do any job that needs to be done.

a) must b) can

c) could d) should

2. Many European exporters … to pay higher duties on their exports.

a) can b) may

c) must d) will have

3. One way an organization … find staff for job vacancies is to recruit outside the company.

a) may b) can

c) might d) could

4. They decided that she … to sent them a telegram every tenth day.

a) is b) was

c) has d) had

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения

с русского языка на английский язык.

1. У промышленного предприятия имеются несколько вариантов реализации своей продукции.

2. Розничные торговцы ближе к покупателю, и поэтому они располагают более полной информацией о его потребностях и вкусах.

3. В Великобритании значительная часть рынка принадлежит независимым розничным торговцам.

4. Торговый агент обычно нанимается небольшой группой, финансы которой не позволяют организовать собственный сбыт товаров.

XI. Прочтите текст. Письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы

A World Economy

1. Changes throughout the world are opening new opportunities for business expansion. How can you participate and profit from these new and exciting world events? Learn to improve market share, to increase jobs in America by forming international strategic alliances, and to secure your economic future by effectively competing in the globalized economy.

2. Meeting and recognizing the opportunity.

International business development considerations must be as dynamic and flexible as our rapidly changing world. Managers of small-to-mid-sized business must be able to understand, and more importantly, recognize new opportunities and employ flexible approaches to the global market. Consumers in overseas client markets have the same needs as those in the United States. In the 1990s, there will be more demands upon business to include local content in products supplied in client nation. America is no longer the only place in the world to do business. You must think about the rest of the world if you are to survive and profit.

3. The foreign trade deficit continues to be a drain on the United States. For the first eight months of 1989, the deficit averaged $9.2 billion. Of that amount, imports of foreign oil amounted to 43 percent (or approximately $4 billion). Our appetite for foreign-made products and overseas oil continues to place a burden on the United States economy. If the American public would encourage congress and the president to pass legislation favorable to domestic oil production it would have a major impact on reducing the foreign trade deficit.

Задание XII. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Government and the Economy

Although the market system in the United States relies on private ownership and decentralized decision-making by households and privately owned businesses, the government does perform important economic functions. The government passes and enforces laws that protect the property rights of individuals and businesses. It restricts economic activities that are considered unfair or socially unacceptable.

In addition, government programs regulate safety in products and in the workplace, provide national defense, and provide public assistance to some members of society coping with economic hardship. There are some products that must be provided to households and firms by the government because they cannot be produced profitably by private firms. For example, the government funds the construction of interstate highways, and operates vaccination programs to maintain public health. Local governments operate public elementary and secondary schools to ensure that as many children as possible will receive an education, even when their parents are unable to afford private schools.

Other kinds of goods and services (such as health care and higher education) are produced and consumed in private markets, but the government attempts to increase the amount of these products available in the economy. For yet other goods and services, the government acts to decrease the amount produced and consumed; these include alcohol, tobacco, and products that create high levels of pollution.

At the most basic level, the government makes it possible for markets to function more efficiently by clearly defining and enforcing people’s property or ownership rights to resources and by providing a stable currency and a central banking system (the Federal Reserve System in the U. S. economy). Even these basic functions require a wide range of government programs and employees. For example, the government maintains offices for recording deeds to property, courts to interpret contracts and resolve disputes over property rights, and police and other law enforcement agencies to prevent or punish theft and fraud. The Treasury Department issues currency and coins and handles the government’s revenues and expenditures. And as we have seen, the Federal Reserve System controls the nation’s supply of money and availability of credit. To perform these basic functions, the government must be able to shift resources from private to public uses. It does this mainly through taxes, but also with user fees for some services (such as admission fees to national parks), and by borrowing money when it issues government bonds.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.

1. What does American economy rely on?

2. What products are too costly or unprofitable for private business and therefore are provided by the government?

3. What goods and services are produced by the private sector, but their production is regulated by the government?

4. How can the government make market more efficient?

5. How does the government move resources from private to public application?

Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту (письменно).

Вариант № 9.

1. … world’s biggest brokerage firm sell insurance to its customers and lends them money.

2. He said he was … employee of … gas company.

3. He got … job in … south and spend … next two years doing … work he really enjoyed.

4. It is … pleasure to do business with such … efficient organization.

1. … investors set an objective of achieving big payoff.

2. There were … student of our group at the consultation yesterday.

3. It was clear that … had happened.

4. She has to go to the supermarket. There isn’t … in the fridge.

c) (a) little; d) (a) few.

1. … commercial banks also made loans and offered accounts to individual customers.

2. You can’t do without … cash on hand when you go to a provision shop.

3. They had brought … books with them that she hadn’t read.

4. I have … money left; let’s have dinner in a restaurant.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.

1. The Bank Charter Act of 1844 … a long dispute about the control of money supply.

a) follow b) followed

c) follows d) will follow

2. In many countries economic development … to periods of rapid population growth.

a) had led b) led

c) have led d) has led

3. We … to vacation in Pennsylvania but changed our minds when so much of it got badly flooded.

a) has been planning b) have been planning

c) will be planning d) had been planning

4. An increase in price usually means that production … more profitable.

a) become b) becomes

c) will become d) became

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