6.3.2. Простое будущее время образуется с помощью сочетания вспомогательных глаголов shall/will и инфинитива смыслового глагола. Shall используется для 1-го лица единственного и множественного числа (I/we shall speak), will – для всех других лиц и чисел (you/he/she/it/ they will speak). Следует отметить, что вспомогательный глагол will все чаще используется также для 1-го лица единственного и множественного числа.
I shall read this book in 3 days. – Я прочту эту книгу через 3 дня.
He will write a letter to his parents tomorrow. – Он напишет письмо своим родителям завтра.
Will you help me to do this work next week? – Вы поможете мне выполнить эту работу на следующей неделе?
We shall not (shan’t) go to work on Sunday. – Мы не пойдем на работу в воскресенье.
7. Continuous Tense forms (Длительные временные формы).
7.1. Длительные временные формы обозначают действие, которое мыслится как процесс и происходит в определенный момент времени в настоящем (Present Continuous), прошлом (Past Continuous) или будущем (Future Continuous). Из всех длительных форм самой распространенной является настоящее длительное время.
7.2. Present Continuous (the Present Continuous Tense).
Настоящее длительное время часто употребляется с обстоятельствами времени now, at this moment (сейчас, в данный момент).
7.2.1. Настоящее длительное время образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в формах am, is, are и причастия настоящего времени смыслового глагола c окончанием -ing.
At this moment I am speaking, he is reading, they are listening. – В данный момент я говорю, он читает, они слушают.
Look out of the window. Is it raining now? – Выгляни в окно. Дождь идет?
What are you doing now? – I am watching TV. – Что ты сейчас делаешь? – Я смотрю телевизор.
The children are not playing now, they are sleeping. – Дети сейчас не играют, они спят.
7.2.2. Устойчивое выражение с глаголом to go в настоящем длительном «to be going to do something» употребляется в значении «собираться что-то сделать в ближайшем будущем».
We are going to discuss this problem soon. – Мы собираемся скоро обсудить эту проблему.
Is he going to start a new business? – No, he is not. He is not going to do it. – Он собирается начать новый бизнес? – Нет. Он не собирается этого делать.
8. Perfect Tense forms (Завершенные временные формы).
Завершенные времена обозначают действия, которые закончились к определенному моменту времени в настоящем (Present Perfect), прошлом (Past Perfect) или будущем (Future Perfect).
8.1. Завершенные времена образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have соответственно в формах have/has, had, shall have/will have и причастия прошедшего времени (I have written, he has seen; they had worked, it had happened; we shall have understood; they will have gone).
8.2. Present Perfect (The Present Perfect Tense).
8.2.1. Настоящее завершенное время часто употребляется с обстоятельствами времени: just, already, not yet, ever, never, recently, lately, since,
for some time, this month, this year (только что, уже, еще не, когда-либо, никогда, недавно, в течение какого-то времени, в этом месяце, в этом году), и обозначает действие, которое завершилось к моменту речи и связано с настоящим результатами и следствиями совершенного действия.
8.2.2. Настоящее завершенное время образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have в формах have/has и причастия прошедшего времени. Причастие прошедшего времени имеет окончание -ed у правильных глаголов (worked, studied); у неправильных глаголов причастие прошедшего времени необходимо запомнить (seen, done, made, chosen, spoken (см. прил. 5).
8.2.3. Настоящее завершенное время переводится на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени:
I have already seen this film. – Я уже посмотрел этот фильм.
They have just gone. – Они только что ушли.
Have you ever been abroad? – Вы когда-нибудь были за границей?
He has not finished his work yet. – Он еще не закончил свою работу.
8.3. Past Perfect (the Past Perfect Tense).
8.3.1. Прошедшее завершенное время образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have в форме had и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола.
8.3.2. Прошедшее завершенное время обозначает действие, которое закончилось к определенному моменту в прошлом или предшествует другому прошедшему действию.
He had finished his work by 7 p. m. yesterday. – Он закончил работу вчера к 7 часам вечера.
She said that she had already seen that film. – Она сказала, что уже посмотрела этот фильм.
When I came home my mother had already cooked dinner. – Когда я пришел домой, мама уже приготовила ужин.
9. The Passive Voice (Пассивный залог).
9.1. В предложениях с глаголом-сказуемым в пассивном залоге подлежащее само не совершает действие; оно испытывает действие со стороны других предметов/лиц. По значению пассивный залог в английском языке соответствует русскому страдательному залогу.
9.2. Формы пассивного залога образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола.
John built his house 3 years ago (the Active voice). – The house was built by John 3 years ago (the Passive voice). – Джон построил свой дом 3 года назад (активный залог). – Дом был построен Джоном 3 года назад (пассивный залог).
The book will not be published next year. – Книга не будет опубликована в следующем году.
The word is used in several meanings. – Слово употребляется в нескольких значениях.
Vladimir Institute of Law was organized in 1996. – Владимирский юридический институт был образован в 1996 году.
When was Moscow founded? It was founded in 1147. – Когда была основана Москва? Она была основана в 1147 году.
Sentence Structure (Структура предложения)
1. Word Order (Порядок слов в предложении).
В английском языке, в отличие от русского, порядок слов в повествовательном предложении фиксированный. Следует запомнить формулу повествовательного предложения SPOM: на первом месте стоит подлежащее (Subject), на втором – сказуемое (Predicate), далее – дополнение (Object) и обстоятельство (Modifier).
Подлежащее Subject | Сказуемое Predicate | Дополнение Object | Обстоятельство Modifier |
My family I | consists of entered | three people. Vladimir Law Institute | – last year |
2. Types of questions (Типы вопросов).
Существуют четыре типа вопросов: общие, специальные, альтернативные и разделительные. Типы вопросов
Тип вопросов | Примеры видовременных форм | ||
Simple Tenses | Continuous Tenses | Perfect Tenses | |
Общий | Do you write letters? Did he write Will you write letters? | Are you writing Were you writing Will he be writing | Have you written a letter? Had he written a letter? Will you have written a letter? |
Специальный Where где какой How much/many сколько Who кто | When did you write the letter? What will she write? Who writes letters? Why didn’t you write the letter? | What are you writing? What were you writing? What will you be writing? Who is writing a letter? | Why haven’t you written the letter? What had he written? What will she have written? Who has written the letter? |
Альтернативный | Does he write novels or stories? | Are you writing a letter or a report? | Have you written a resume or a report? |
Разделительный | He writes novels, doesn’t he? | You are writing a letter, aren’t you? | You have written a resume, haven’t you? |
3. Imperative statements (Повелительные предложения).
3.1. Повелительные предложения, выражающие приказ, просьбу, совет, совпадают с формой инфинитива, употребленного без частицы to.
To go, to do – Go and do it! – Иди и сделай это!
To try – Try to understand me! – Попытайся понять меня!
To help – Help me, please! – Пожалуйста, помоги мне!
3.2. Отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to do и отрицательной частицы not.
Do not tell me about it! – Не говори мне об этом!
Don’t go there, please! – Не ходи туда, пожалуйста!
3.3. Вежливые формы выражения просьбы предполагают использование слов «will», «would», «could».
Will you open the window, please? – Вы не откроете окно?
Could I use your pen? – Можно воспользоваться Вашей ручкой?
Would you mind if I smoke here? – Вы не будете возражать, если я здесь закурю?
Conversational Topics: Reading and discussion
(Разговорные темы: тексты для обсуждения)
1. Family
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите слова и словосочетания к теме, найдите их в тексте и постарайтесь запомнить.
to be born to be a family of (two, three, four) a resident of a city native to be married/single to be divorced to be a teacher (a doctor, a manager, an economist, an accountant) by profession | to have got a son, to serve in the army to take entrance exams to pass exams to fail at the exams to graduate from a relative a pensioner to retire to be united (friendly) | Vladimir Institute of Law The Self-Funded Department |
Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
My name is Alexander Zhigalov. I am 20. I was born on the 5th of November 1991. My native city is Kostroma, but since 2002 I am a resident of Vladimir. I finished school in 2009. I wanted to enter Vladimir State University, but failed at the entrance exams. So I had to serve in the army. After the army service I decided to get higher education. I have always wanted to work with people, so the profession of a personnel manager is very interesting for me.
In 2011 I successfully passed the entrance examinations and entered Vladimir Institute of Law, the Self-Funded Department. I am a part-time student and combine work and studies at the institute. It is not easy. Now I am Inspector at the Personnel Department of a private company. My professional career depends a lot on my academic progress at the Institute.
I am married. We are a family of four. My wife's name is Irene. She is 24. She is an economist and works for a private company, too. We have got two children – a son and a daughter. Alex is 8 and Kathy is 5. They are nice children and we love them very much. Our family is united and friendly.
I also have a sister. She lives with our parents in Vladimir, too. Her name is Natalie. She is 25. My sister graduated from the Russian Academy of State Service a year ago. She is a lawyer and works at Vladimir Regional Administration. She is still single.
My parents are former teachers. They have retired and are pensioners now, my mother is 58 and my father is 63.
I have many relatives. It is a pity we do not see each other very often, we are all very busy.
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. When and where was Alexander Zhigalov born?
2. How old is he?
3. When did Alexander serve in the army?
4. When did he finish school?
5. Why didn’t he enter Vladimir State University?
6. Is he a student of the Self-Funded Department or Day Department?
7. Why is it important for him to study well at the Institute?
8. Is he married? Has he got children? What can you say about them?
9. Are they a family of three or four? Speak about his wife. Speak about his parents.
10. He does not see his relatives often, does he?
Задание 4. Ответьте на вопросы, представляя краткую информацию о себе.
1. What is your name? (What is your family name? Your first name?)
2. Where were you born?
3. When were your born?
4. Where do you live now?
5. What is your profession?
6. What is your marital status? (Are you married or single?)
2. Working Day
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите слова и словосочетания к теме, найдите их в тексте и постарайтесь запомнить.
to get up early to be busy to be on time to leave home for work office hours It takes me … minutes to do it | to do shopping to arrive at work lunch time necessary to discuss problems to watch TV to go to bed | the Self-Funded Department spare time to leave home for work to do assignments to look through newspapers to help somebody about the house |
Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
We are usually very busy during the week. My wife, children and I get up rather early on week days. We have to hurry up in the morning to get to school or office on time.
I leave home for work at 7 o'clock. My working hours are from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m. I usually arrive at my work place at ten minutes to eight. It takes me about 30 minutes to get there. As a rule, I walk, but sometimes I take a bus.
Lunch time is from 1 p. m. to 2 p. m. At 6 p. m. my workday is over and I can go home, but sometimes, if it is necessary, I have to stay at the office longer. On my way home I do some shopping.
By 8 o'clock in the evening we all get back home. At this time we all meet at table and discuss our daily problems. After dinner I help my wife about the house or play with my children, or watch TV, or look through newspapers, or make some telephone calls to my friends. As I study part-time at the Self-Funded Department of Vladimir Institute of Law, I have to do my home assignments in the evening, too. When I have more spare time I like to listen to music or read.
Our children go to bed at half past nine, but my wife and I usually go to bed later – we like to have some time for ourselves.
Задание 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы и кратко расскажите о своем рабочем дне.
1. Are you busy on weekdays?
2. When do you get up?
3. When do you leave home for work?
6. How long does it take you to get to the office?
7. What are your working hours?
8. How often do you have to stay at the office after your working day is over?
9. Do you take a bus or go to work by car?
10. What do you usually do in the evening, after the whole family is back home?
Задание 4. Подтвердите или опровергните следующие утверждения. Используйте при ответе фразы: That’ s right (Правильно). That is not quite right (Это не совсем так). That’s true (Справедливо). Exactly (Совершенно верно). On the contrary (Напротив, наоборот).
Образец: 1. You are very busy on weekdays. – That is true, I am very busy on week days indeed.
2. Your wife cooks breakfast for you in the morning. – It is not quite right; I am not married and have no wife.
1. You are sometimes late for work.
2. You get to your office on foot.
3. You never stay at the office after the working hours are over.
4. Your children help your wife about the house.
5. Your wife helps you with your course papers and home tests.
6. You spend enough time in the open air on week days.
3. Leisure Time
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите слова и словосочетания к теме, найдите их в тексте и постарайтесь запомнить.
spare time, leisure time free time a hobby to look forward to to have a rest, to relax to go to the cinema, theatre to attend concerts a bookstore | to enjoy free time an art exhibition to travel abroad a tourist route a fitness club to practice sports to keep a good physical shape cross-country skiing | swimming, skating lawn tennis to go in for to be fond of to prefer gardening landscaping |
Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
We all look forward to the weekend to have a rest, relax or just visit relatives or friends. Most of us do not go to the cinema and theatre regularly or attend concerts and art exhibitions. We are too busy to spend free time in the open air with our children. And yet we try to enjoy our leisure time as much as we can. There are many ways to do it.
Some 10–15 years ago reading books was the most traditional way to spend free time. Today it is not so popular, especially among younger people, who prefer more active hobbies. But there are still a lot of people who read and collect books. Fortunately for them, one can buy any book in modern bookstores.
Many people are fond of traveling about this country or abroad, if they can afford it. The most popular tourist routes are Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, and some far-away countries, like Thailand or China.
A lot of people – both men and women, young and not quite young, want to keep a good physical shape and attend fitness clubs or go in for sports. As for me, I prefer cross-country skiing and swimming. Lawn tennis and skating are becoming more and more popular, too.
Some of my friends have cottages in the countryside, or «datchas»; they spend their spare time there. They like gardening, landscaping and growing flowers.
The number of people whose hobby is playing computer games is increasing dramatically. Psychologists say that it may become dangerous for mental health: such people spend too much time in the World-Wide Web.
Tastes, like hobbies, differ. As the English proverb says, «Everyone has his hobby horse». What is yours?
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова и словосочетания из текста: to be fond of, to prefer, to go in for, to like, to enjoy; to spend free time, to have a rest, to relax.
1. What is your favourite way to spend free time?
2. What is your hobby?
3. How do people spend their leisure time?
4. How did you spend your last weekend?
5. Are you married? What are the hobbies of your wife, parents, and friends?
6. What new hobbies do you know?
4. Vladimir
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите слова и словосочетания к теме, найдите их в тексте и постарайтесь запомнить.
to be founded a manuscript a century a church a cathedral a fresco | to preserve to restore population major political ancient | cultural industrial famous a picture gallery an institution of higher learning a branch of an institute |
Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Vladimir is one of the oldest Russian cities, which is 160 miles north-east of Moscow. It was once the capital of the Russian state. The city was founded by prince Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev in 1108. According to other manuscripts, it was founded earlier – in 995 by prince Vladimir the Red Sun.
In the 12th century under the rule of Andrey Bogolubsky it turned into a major political and cultural centre of ancient Rus. In those years many beautiful churches and cathedrals were built – the Cathedral of the Assumption with frescoes by Andrey Rublev (1158–1160), the Cathedral of St. Demetrius (1194–1197), the Golden Gate (1158), the Church of the Intercession-on-the-Nerl (1165) – which is 15 kilometres from Vladimir. These monuments have been preserved and restored and can be seen by numerous tourists who come to Vladimir, Suzdal and other ancient places of Vladimir region.
Many famous people once lived or stayed in Vladimir; among them are Alexander Nevsky, Alexander Suvorov, the Stoletov brothers, Sergey Taneev, Alexander Lazarev and many others.
Today Vladimir is a city in Central Russia with a population of about 340,000 people. It is a big industrial, cultural, education and tourist centre. There are many museums, theatres, concert halls, picture galleries, art studios, libraries, stadiums and swimming pools and parks in Vladimir. They all make Vladimir a beautiful and comfortable place to live in.
There are several institutions of higher learning here: Vladimir State University, Vladimir State Teacher Training University, Vladimir Law Institute, Vladimir Institute of Business and a number of branches of Moscow universities, institutes and academies.
Задание 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. When was the city of Vladimir founded?
2. What famous architectural monuments of Vladimir do you know?
3. What cultural facilities are there in Vladimir?
4. What is your native city?
5. Do you know the origin of your native city's name?
6. Who founded your native city? How old is it?
7. Are there any places of interest you would recommend your guests and friends to see in your native city?
5. Fundamentals of personnel management
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите слова и словосочетания к теме, найдите их в тексте и постарайтесь запомнить.
an applicant to avoid responsibility bottom managers a conceptual skill to deal with people to make decisions decisions-making to evaluate workers to examine options a future career to hire, hiring process
| human resource management human-relations skills to identify problems to increase productivity an in-depth interview a job analysis a job description labour (work) force labour relations hierarchy | management managerial skills paid holidays development to persuade people salaries skills a standard application blank wages work experience |
Задание 2. Прочитайте первую часть текста, пользуясь словарем.
Part 1
[1] Management is the coordination of an organization` s resources. It is necessary for all organizations. The managerial staff consists of three levels of management. These three levels form a management hierarchy, a structure with top, middle, and bottom. Top, or upper-level, managers have the most power and responsibility; middle managers have less power and responsibility and implement the broad goals set by top managers; and bottom, or operating, managers coordinate the work of those who are not managers.
[2] Managerial skills fall into three basic areas: technical skills, human-relations skills and conceptual skills. Technical skills are needed to do a particular job and include some administrative things such as to make schedules, to read computer printouts etc. Human-relations skills are necessary to understand people and interact effectively with them and to make people work as a team. Generally this could be called communication skills -- the ability to communicate effectively both orally and in writing. Conceptual skills help managers to understand the relationships of the parts to the whole, i. e. to see “the big picture”. Managers must be able to imagine the long-range effects of their decisions. Decision-making is a conceptual skill that involves;
- watching for problems;
- identifying problems and pinpointing possible solutions;
- finding alternative ways of action;
- examining options;
- choosing the best course of action.
[3] What is a manager? The term “manager” is used more often for non-profit making organizations, such as universities, hospitals, and social work agencies. But, of course, there are managers in all types of organizations. Managers are people who are responsible for making and carrying out decisions within a system. An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization.
[4] People make decisions because there is a problem that must be solved. In decisions-making there is always some uncertainty and risk. That is why managing is a hard job. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it.
[5] What are the most important qualities for a good manager? Below are opinions of three American specialists in the field of management in the USA. These are Mr. Reynolds, Mr. Pritchard, and Mrs. Stainton.
[6] Mr. Reynolds: “At present the most important quality of a good manager is the ability to deal with people. These people are not only our clients, but first of all our personnel. Managers in an organization are to talk to their personnel about their jobs, their problems, their future careers.”
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