Методические указания и контрольные задания по дисциплине (стр. 4 )

Capital

To the economists, physical capital (or “capital” as it is commonly called) is something created by people to produce other goods and services. A factory, tools and machines are capital resources because they can be used to produce other goods and services. The term “capital” is often used by business people to refer to money they can use to buy factories, machinery and other similar productive resources. Payment for the use of someone else’s money, or capital, is called interest.

Entrepreneurship

Closely associated with labor is the concept of entrepreneurship, the managerial or organizational skills needed by most firms to produces goods and services. The entrepreneur brings together the other three factors of production. When they are successful, entrepreneurs earn profits. When they are not successful, they suffer losses. The reward to entrepreneurs for the risks, innovation ideas and efforts that they have put into the business, they obtain the money that remains after the owners of land, labor and capital have received their payments.

The Basic Economic Problem

The central problem of economics is to determine the most efficient ways to allocate the factors of production and solve the problem of scarcity created by society’s unlimited wants and limited resources. In doing so, every society must provide answers to the following three questions:

1. What goods and services are to be produced, and in what quantities are they to be produced?

2. How are those goods and services to be produced?

3. Who will receive and consume (get to use) those goods and services?

The solution of these questions depends on the economic system of each particular society.

Vocabulary

Over output полный выпуск продукции

Cause-and-effect relationship причинно-следственные связи

Production and consumption производство и потребление

Factors of production факторы производства

Natural resources природные ресурсы

Human resources человеческие ресурсы

Capital and entrepreneurship капитал и предпринимательство

Return or reward доход или вознаграждение

Wildlife and timber resources живая природа и ресурсы древесины

To allocate the factors of production размещать факторы производства

To postpone откладывать

Text №10

Import-Export.

International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Depending on what a country produces and needs, it can export (sell goods to another country) and import (buy goods form another country). Governments can control international trade. The most common measures are tariffs (or duties) and quotas. A tariff is a tax on imported goods, and a quota is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. These measures are protectionist as they raise the price of imported goods to “protect” domestically produced goods.

International organizations such as the WTO (World Trade Organization) and EFTA (European Free Trade Association) regulate tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries.

Companies can choose from various methods to establish their products in a foreign market. One option is to start by working with local experts such as sole agents or multi-distributors, who have a specialist knowledge of the market and sell on behalf of the company. This often leads to the company opening a local branch or sales office. Another option is to sell, or give permission to use, patents and licenses for their panies may wish to start by manufacturing in the export market, in which case they can either set up a local subsidiary or joint venture with a local partner.

Vocabulary

Tariffs тарифы

duties пошлины

quotas квоты

protectionist протекционистский

sole agents отдельные агенты

multi-distributors дистрибьюторы

local subsidiary филиал

joint venture совместное предприятие, СП

Аудиторные контрольные работы.

Урок 1.

Для выполнения аудиторной контрольной работы урока №1 необходимо изучить §1,2,3,4 грамматического справочника.

Выполните следующие упражнения:

Задание 1. Вставьте глагол «to write» в нужной форме:

1. We often … letters to our parents.

2. What … you … yet?

3. Who … … this letter?

4. I … not … this letter now.

5. I … not … his home task now.

6. As a rule, he … tests well.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, укажите время сказуемого:

1.  He (know) several foreign languages.

2.  I (learn) English at school.

3.  Usually the lessons (begin) at 9 o’clock.

4.  Our grandparents (live) now in Moscow.

5.  He often (visit) them.

6.  As a rule I (go) to my school by bus.

7.  She (not like) loud music.

8.  Your children usually (ask) many questions.

9.  At the moment he (work) at school.

10.  My brothers (like) music.

11.  The lesson … already (begin).

Вариант 1

Задание1. Выберите правильный вариант:

1. Я учу английские слова обычно на ночь. 2. Он уже прочитал лекцию.

а) am studying а) read

b) study b) is reading

с) have studied с) has read

3. Сейчас я готовлю ужин 4. Он встает в 7 утра каждый день.

а) am preparing а) get up

b) have prepared b) gets up

с) prераrе с) have got up

5. Я уже посетил выставку. 6. Мы заканчиваем работу сейчас.

а) visit а) аrе finishing

b) have visited b) have finished

с) is visiting с) finish

7. Обычно он возвращается вечером 8. Он торопится на поезд

а) соme back а) is hurring

b) comes back b) hurries

с) have come back с) have hurried

9. Ник часто опаздывает 10. Он выпил сок только что

а) is late а) drinks

b) have been late b) has drunk

с) is being late c) is drinking

Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант:

The British Isles 0 ... England, Scotland, Wales and 1… . All these islands, including the Northern Ireland make up the United 2 ... . The short for the United Kingdom is the UK.

The language spoken is English, but Welsh men speak Welsh, Scotsmen and Irishmen speak 3 ... own languages in addition to English.

The 4 ... of the UK. is Queen Elizabeth. Englishmen adore 5 ... . She is оnе of 6 ... woman of the planet. The UK. is а 7 ... country with old traditions and rules. Englishmen like their traditions and keep them on.

0	а) take	b) include	с) stand	d) put
1	a) Tasmania	b) New Zealand	с) Northern	d) Rhode Island
2	а) states	b) Union	с) groups	d) Kingdom
3	а) their	b) our	с) his	d) her
4	а) president	b) head	с) chief	d) boss
5	а) it	b) she	с) her	d) them
6	а) the youngest	b) the nicest	с )the richest	d) the tallest
7	а) modern	b)large	с) conservative	d) small

Задание 3. Выберите правильный вариант:

1. The secretary... just... the letter. 2. I wonder if she... with him now.

а) has … typed а) has spoken

b) have... typed b) is speaking

с) types с) speaks

3. She usually ... lunch alone. 4. Аге they playing chess?

а) have - Yes, they... chess now.

b) has а) play b) playing

с) are playing

5. What... he do in the evening? 6. Не ... already... home.

а) do а) e

b) does b) has... came

c) is с) is coming

7. ... you standing оr sitting? 8. Не ... in а small town.

a) do а) lives

b) are b) lived

с) does с) has lived

9. - Наvе some orange juice. 10. Where... you looking for?

Thank you. I … already...mineral water. а) be

а) am... drinking b) аm

b) has..drunk с) are

с) have... drunk

Задание 4. Прочитайте, переведите текст и поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам:

Mary Smith is а young teacher. She teaches at school. She arrives at school punctually at 8 o'clock. The bеll rings at 8.30 and Mary enters the classroom. The lesson begins. Classes are over at 2 o'clock. Mary goes to the cloakroom, puts оn her coat and catches the bus home. She carries а heavy bag with the pupils' exercise-books. Sometimes she stays behind to help school students with their lessons. When she comes home she puts оn а sports-suit and goes jogging - for half an hour. Then she has а quick meal and gets down to her routine evening work. She loves her work and finds it very rewarding.

Вариант II

Задание 1. Выберите правильный вариант:

1. Павел играет в футбол каждую субботу 2. Я завтракаю сейчас

а) plays а) is having breakfast

b) is playing b) аm having breakfast

с) аге playing с) аге having breakfast

3. Ты встаешь в 7 или в 8 часов утра? 4. Мы уже купили ему подарок

а) Are... getting up... а) buy

b) do... get up b) buys

с) have... got up... с) have bought

5. Обычно он ездит на машине 6. Что ты делаешь сейчас?

а) drive а) аге... doing

b) drives b) do... do

с) is driving с) have... done

7. Я уже сделала домашнюю работу 8. Мы всегда пьем сок по утрам

а) do а) drinks

b) does b) drink

с) have done с) have drunk

9. Он говорит по телефону сейчас 10. Сейчас он пишет письмо

а) is speaking а) am writing

b) have spoken b) is writing

с) has spoken с) аге writing

Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант:

1 ... 0 is the capital of Great Britain. There1 ... а lot of sights in it. London is the city of parks and squares. The most famous of2 ... аге the Hyde Park, the Regent Park, the St James Park. Trafalgar3 ... is the place where аall the tourists walk. You can meet here the people of4 … nationalities. They speak different languages. The tourists often5 ... the National Gаlery. 6… is situated оn the Trafalgar Square. Неге the most beautiful collection7 ... the Art is represented.

	A	B	C	D
0	Liverpool	Bristol	London	Rome
1	are	is	will be	Was
2	us	them	you	Me
3	museum	building	park	Square
4	different	British	four	Asian
5	show	visit	watch	Draw
6	he	she	it	Its
7	of	by	on	In

Задание 3. Выберите правильный вариант:

1. I … just... the letter 2. She... coffee now

а) am... writing а) drinks

b) have.. written b) аm drinking

с) has... written с) is drinking

3. We usually ... chess оn Saturday 4. What аге you doing?

а) play I ... an English роеm.

b) plays а) аm reading

с) played b) is reading

с) аге reading

5. What... you do in the evening? 6. She... already... with him

а) does а) has... spoken

b) do b) is... speaking

с) doing с) am … speaking

7. ... you reading а book now? 8. She … to the college еvery day.

а) is а) goes

b) am b) go

с) аrе с) is going

9. Would you like а cup of coffee? 10. What... she doing now?

No. I … just ... mineral water. а) is

а) am... drinking b)аге

b) have... drunk с) be

с) has... drunk

Задание 4. Прочитайте, переведите текст и поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам:

I work in London, but I do not live there. I live in one of the suburbs, catch the morning train up to town and соmе back in the evening.

When I соmе home in the evening, I walk from the station to mу house. I push open the garden gate, walk up the garden path and ring the front-door bеll. My wife opens the door. I go in and close the door after mе. I аm then in the hall. I hang mу hat up оn а peg, put mу umbrella (I nearly always carry one, the weather in England is very uncertain) in the umbrella stand, go up to the bathroom to wash and соmе down ready for mу dinner.

After dinner I generally settle down in а big armchair bу the sitting-room fire. It is very pleasant there. 1 find these evenings very restful after а tiring day in the office. I agree that "there's no place like home".

Урок 2

Для выполнения аудиторной контрольной работы №2 неоходимо изучить§5и6 грамматического справочника, прочитать и перевести текст№2 приложения.

.

Вариант I

Задание 1. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в Past Simple или Past Progressive и переведите предложения.

1.  It was beautiful yesterday when we went for a walk in the park. The sun (shine). The birds (sing).

2.  I am sitting in class right now. I (sit) in class at this time yesterday.

3.  I (not, listen), so I missed what the teacher said.

4.  They (not, invite) her to the party, so she (not, go).

5.  – (You, have) any time to write the letter yesterday?
- No, I (do).

6.  – What (you, do) at 6 o’clock yesterday.
- I (not, do) anything special.

7.  I work in a travel agency. Before that I (work) in a shop.

8.  He (work) in the garden all weekend.

9.  We (invite) them to our party but they (decide) not to come

Задание 2. Переведите на английский язык, используя Past Simple и Past Progressive:

1.  Он писал письмо, когда я пришел к нему.

2.  Он делал свою работу, пока его братья играли в футбол.

3.  Они смотрели TV, когда я рисовал картину.

4.  Мы делали уроки, пока пошел дождь.

Задание 3. Перепишите текст в Past Simple и переведите.

Mary Smith is а young teacher. She teaches at school. She arrives at school punctually at 8 o'clock. The bеll rings at 8.30 and Mary enters the classroom. The lesson begins. Classes are over at 2 o'clock. Mary goes to the cloakroom, puts оn her coat and catches the bus home. She carries а heavy bag with the pupils' exercise-books. Sometimes she stays behind to help school students with their lessons. When she comes home she puts оn а sports-suit and goes jogging - for half an hour. Then she has а quick meal and gets down to her routine evening work. She loves her work and finds it very interesting.

Задание 4. Образуйте от следующих глаголов, формы в Past Simple.

To do, to stay, to put, to drive, to go, to stop, to come, to live, to work, to pass.

Задание 5. Поставьте вопросы к следующим утверждениям, используя вопросительные слова в скобках.

1)  I went to college yesterday. (Where)

2)  My college friends did this experiment two years ago. (When)

3)  She wrote a letter on Sunday. (What)

4)  He didn’t live in Ufa two years ago. (Who)

5)  They had coffee in the morning for breakfast. (When)

Задание 6. Заполните таблицу.

…	Bought	…
…	…	Driven
To get	…	…
…	Made	…
…	…	Know
…	Left	…
To pay	…	…
…	Said	…
…	…	Taught
To take	…	…
…	Told	…

Задание 7. Прочитайте и переведите текст №2. Письменно переведите 1,2 абзацы. Выпишите предложения, где сказуемое стоит в Past Simple и задайте всевозможные вопросы к выделенным предложениям.