Today, therefore, existing species have a tendency to be well adapted to their present environment. Each shows a variety of adaptations of forms, function and behaviour.
(selection - отбор ; to increase - увеличивать ; survival - выживание ; the fittest –самые способные ; artificial – искусственный, 1are likely to continue – вероятно, смогут продолжить.)
TEXT 3. GENETICS.
In animals and plants that are alike there are, again, many differences. It is with these differences between members of a species that genetics is concerned. This branch of biology deals with the question of why offspring resemble their parents, and yet are not exactly the same, how the variations arise, what factors are responsible for them, how these factors are combined and segregated, how the probable results of a given mating can be predicted, how the actual hereditary mechanisms within the cell work.
Modern genetics began to develop very rapidly in the second decade of the XX century though the foundation of it was laid by Gregor Mendel between 1857 and 1865. Since that time geneticists in all parts of the world have cooperated in establishing the chromosome theory of heredity. In fact there now exists a vast amount of experimental evidence that proves conclusively that I) chromosomes are the essential agencies in the transmission of hereditary traits; 2) each chromosome is made up, essentially, of a linear series of definitely localized units, called genes; 3) each gene is decisive factor in determining one or more hereditary qualities in every individual organism.
(offspring – потомство, arise – появляться, mating – спаривание, gene –ген)
TEXT 4. CELL DIVISION.
New cells arise by division from parent cells. Chromosomes are transmitted to the cells of the next generation. The cells that produce gametes are called germ cells. They differ from somatic cells which have nothing to do with the hereditary mechanism.
There are two types of cell division. The first one is called mitosis. It occurs mostly in somatic cells. In this process the contents of the nucleus reproduce themselves. As a re sult of it two similar nuclei are formed. Each daughter nucleus contains 2n chromosomes. This is known as the diploid number of chromosomes. Thus mitosis enables the cell to produce two replicas of itself. In mitosis the complex of chromosomes and genes remains unchanged.
TEXT 5. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OP PROTOPLASM AND ITS CHANGES.
Protoplasm is not just a mixture of chemical components; if such were the case1, one could create a living cell by merely adding2 the proper ingredients to a test tube. The creation of any functioning mechanism depends not only upon the materials of which it is composed, but also upon how these materials are formed and fitted into a functional relationship.
Protoplasm, like other matter, is composed of particles, ranging from single molecules and ions, large and small, to various molecular aggregates, visible and subvisible. The size and the shape of these particles greatly influence their behaviour. Anything that is visible with the naked eye or with a compound microscope, is referred to as course. But even below this borderline of visibility there are a lot of submicroscopic particles. They are subdivided into 2 categories: all larger particles fall into the colloidal size range and all smaller molecules lie in the crystalloidal range. There is no real line dividing colloidal from crystalloidal particles.
(1if such were the case – если бы это было так
2by merely adding – просто добавляя
colloidal (crystalloidal ) size range – коллоидный(кристаллоидный) размер)
Образцы текстов к экзамену (2 семестр)
Вопрос 1
Give a written translation of the text:
Insects
Insects may be found which are adapted to eat almost any kind of organic material, which can furnish energy. Some eat vegetation, some eat the bodies of animals, some eat wool, silk or feathers, some eat rotten wood; glue, cigarettes, and even red pepper form the main diet of certain insects. The mouthparts are often so highly specialized that only one type of food can enter the mouth.
The digestive systems of insects are often highly specialized but in general resemble that of earthworm. Their excretory organs are not nephridia, but consist of long slender tubes (Malpighian tubes) extending into the body cavity from their attachment on the intestine. These tubes absorb nitrogenous wastes from the circulatory fluid and excrete them into the rear part of the intestine to be eliminated with egested materials through the anue. The sexes are separate in insects and the females usually deposit the eggs, after fertilization, upon or near the food, which the young will consume.
Among the interesting features of insects are their sense organs. On the sides of the head they have in most cases a pair of well-developed compound eyes. A compound eye is composed of many small visual units (commatidia) each of which forms an image of a part of the objects visible. Some insects have in addition two or three simple eyes on the front of the head, and many young insects have a group of simple eyes on each side in place of the compound eyes, which they will gain on becoming adults. Vibrations in the atmosphere, some of which affect our ears and produce sound, may be received by organs variously located on antennae, front legs, wings, or on the abdomen of insects. Chemical stimuli, which we call smell and taste, are received by organs in various parts of insects, such as feet, wings, antennae, and mouthparts. Some flies and butterflies, for example, taste sugar solutions with their feet before applying the mouthparts to suck these solutions in. Touch stimuli are often received by bristles or pegs, which extend out from the exoskeleton and contain nerve endings.
Вопрос 2
Give a summary of the text:
The Omnivorous Chimpanzee.
It is widely believed that apes and monkeys are vegetarians, and that man is alone among the primates in preying on other animals. The assumption has influenced a number of hypotheses about human evolution that were framed in the days when scarcely any of man’s primate relatives had been studied in the wild. For example, it had been suggested that the pursuit of game and the consequent social sharing both of the hunt and of the kill were key factors in the divergence of the earliest hominids from the rest of the primate line.
Today, after some 40 years of field observations of ape and monkey behavior, it is quite clear that man is not only primate that hunts and eats meat. Many other primates are omnivorous. One in particular – the chimpanzee – not only cooperates in the work of the chase but also engages in a remarkably socialized distribution of the prey after kill. The chimpanzee whose predatory behavior has been most closely observed are semi-isolated residents of the Gombe National Park in Western Tanzania.
The area, formerly known as the Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve, is where Jane van Lawick-Goodal began her notable long-term field study of chimpanzees in 1960. I myself spent 12 months watching the predatory behavior of these apes in .
Gombe Park covers some 30 square miles and has an estimated population of the 150 chimpanzees. All belong to the eastern chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. Goodall and her colleagues quickly came to on sight some 50 individual apes that lived in a 10-square-mile zone centered on Kakombe Valley.
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Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. The chemistry of life, or "biochemistry" as chemists call it, is an area in which the classical fields of chemistry and biology meet. It can be called "molecular biology". Biochemistry is the study of the structures and reactions of the thousands of compounds involved in life process. Biochemistry is considered to be the most complex area of chemistry.
2. Living things represent the most efficient, sophisticated,1 compact chemical "factories" ever known. How, for example, do cells of the body know when to divide and multiply into new cells having the same characteristics as the original cells? When the body is afflicted2 by disease or by a wound how does the body protect itself and repair the damage? We know these processes to involve thousands of different chemical compounds.
3. When we compare the nervous system to man-made electronic computers the efficiency and complexity of the biological system become even more impressive. Despite3 great advances in computer technology, the greatest computer ever built is almost insignificant being compared to a human brain weighing little more than a kilogram. A computer can perform mathematical operations millions of times faster than a person, but think of some things the nervous system can do. For example, it can cause your arm to reach out and touch an object. The brain can translate signals from the retina4 of the eyes into three dimensional colour images. It can translate a series of frequencies detected by the ear into thoughts whereas a computer can only perform operations being programmed by a person. As to the storage capacity5 the brain really wins out. The largest computers have storage capacity of about one million "words" but some experts believe the brain to store up all the signals it receives.
4. The chemical processes of our bodies involve enormously complex sequences of reactions, details of these processes being far from complete understanding. Nevertheless great progress has been made in our understanding of the processes that occur in the body.
5. The first half of this century might be termed the Golden Age of Physics because so many discoveries in understanding the structure of molecules, atoms and nuclei were the same virtue we may be in the midst of a Golden Age in Biochemistry. The next few years of research may bring much increased understanding of chemical processes in cells.
31. Какое из определений не имеет отношения к Биохимии?
a) “Molecular Biology”
b) a science that unites the classical fields of Chemistry and Biology
c) the study of the human brain
d) the study of the structures and reactions of compounds
32. Ответьте на вопрос: What phenomena are not yet understood in Biochemistry?
a) the division and multiplicity of cells into new ones
b) the storage capacity of a human brain
c) chemical processes in cells
d) some things the nervous system can do
33. Какое из утверждений верно?
a) A human brain is the greatest computer.
b) Molecular Biology is a branch of Biochemistry.
c) A computer can cause an arm to reach out and touch an object.
d) No progress has been made in the understanding of the processes that occur in the body.
34. Какое из утверждений неверно?
a) Biochemistry is the most difficult branch of Chemistry.
b) The body can protect itself and repair the damage.
c) The nervous system and a man-made electronic computer are equal in their capacity.
d) We are in the midst of a Golden Age of Biochemistry now.
35. Является ли утверждение:
The chemical processes of human bodies can be understood by means of the greatest computers.
a) истинным
b) ложным
c) в тексте нет информации
36. Является ли утверждение:
A human brain has an unlimited storage capacity.
a) истинным
b) ложным
c) в тексте нет информации
37. Какой из абзацев текста содержит следующую информацию:
Living things are the most difficult objects for scientific research.
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
38. Определите основную идею текста:
a) Computers can do a lot of things nowadays.
b) Biochemistry helps understand the processes that occur in the body.
c) The storage capacity of the human brain is impressive.
d) Scientists have made many discoveries in understanding the structure of molecules, atoms and nuclei.
ЛИСТ СОГЛАСОВАНИЯ
И УТВЕРЖДЕНИЯ РАБОЧЕЙ ПРОГРАММЫ
Рабочая программа составлена на основании ФГОС ВПО, в соответствии с целями (миссией) и задачами ООП ВПО и учебного плана направления «Биология» 020400.62
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