National ballets occupy a place of honor in the repertoires of Ukrainian ballet companies. Among them are such well - known ballets as N. Skorulsky's “Forest Song”, a key attraction on the Kyiv stage for some 40 years; K. Dankevych's “Laleia”, V. Kureiko's “Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors”, Ye. Stankovych's “Stonemasons”, “Olha” and “The Night Before Christmas”. It was in these ballets that the original skill of Ukrainian performers and dance instructions was revealed, in full measure ( P. Virsky, V. Vronsky, N. Skorulska, and A. Shekera).
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SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD
In ancient times, long before there were great machines to help him, man showed that he was a clever builder. Some of the things built long ago were so remarkable that they are called the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Seven Wonders were the Great Pyramid, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the statue of Zeus at Olympia, the temple of Diana, the Tomb of King Mausolus, the Colossus of Rhodes, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria.
First to be built of the Seven Wonders was the Great Pyramid. The Pyramid was a tomb which King Khufu of Egypt had built for him - self. It was made of more than 2 million huge blocks of limestone, each weighing about 3 tons. The Pyramid was as high as a 40-storey building. Many thousands of slaves worked to pull the big blocks to their proper places. After the blocks had all been set in place, the Pyramid was covered with a facing of fine white limestone.
Although it was the first of the Seven Wonders to be built, the Great Pyramid is the only one of the seven still standing. A large part of the limestone facing has been removed, but the main part of the Pyramid is as solid as when it was built more than 4,500 years ago. It is at Giza, not far from the present big city of Cairo.
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UKRAINIAN MUSICAL CULTURE
Ukrainians are known popularly as a musical people. During the Middle Ages in Ukraine, three kinds of music developed. The first was music making at the courts of the princes and boyars. Groups of musicians performed during festivals and banquets, praising the prince and entertaining the guests. Wandering musicians and actors, the skomorokhy, entertained their listeners with the songs and acrobatic tricks. At that time such musical instruments were in use: stringed harps, metal and wooden trumpets and horns, wooden pipes, drums, and kettle drums.
The third major type of music consisted of folk songs. Songs were connected with ritual calendar changes: the New Year carols (koliadky and shchedrivky), rusalka songs and so on. A large number of the repertoire was made up of songs associated with everyday life as well as love songs and historical songs.
The 14th and 17th centuries saw the development of polyphonic singing. The "musical grammar" written by the musicologist and composer M. Dyletsky in 1675, was a complete description of the theory of polyphonic music. The book became one of the basic texts of music theory throughout Eastern Europe.
The 18th century witnessed a paradoxical situation in which Ukrainian music was absorbed by Russian musical development. The musical talents of Ukraine usually did not remain in Ukraine; they were drawn in the Russian musical life. This tendency was practiced by the 19th century. The provincial state of Ukrainian musical life began to change only in the late 19th century.
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THE HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN THEATRE
Elements of theatricality can be traced in Ukrainian folk customs and rites, games, folk oral literature, and folk dances back to pre-Christian pagan traditions and rituals. They are especially evident, even today, in the spring vesnianky-hahilky, the summer Kupalo festival, and the winter carols and above all in the ceremony of the Ukrainian wedding. Theatrical entertainment and participation in many rituals was provided by skomorokhy. With the acceptance of Christianity in Ukraine, the Divine Liturgy took on elements of theatricality, and the church adopted or converted many pagan rituals for its own purposes. The recorded history of nonritual Ukrainian theater begins in 1619 with two intermedes staged between the acts of religious drama. The further development of Ukrainian theater was influenced by European medieval theater, the Renaissance, and classicism in the court and in school drama, particularly at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy, vertep puppet theater.
Ukrainian secular theater became popular during the 19th century, beginning with the staging of the first Ukrainian - language plays of I. Kotliarevsky and H. Kvitka-Osnovianenko by the Poltava Free Theater in 1819. From the end of the 18th century, Ukrainian landlords organized serf theaters at their estates, where Ukrainian plays were sporadically performed. The pioneering Ukrainian actors were K. Solenyk, M. Shchepkin, and L. Mlotkovska. In Western Ukraine, amateur secular performances began at the end of the 1840s in Kolomyia, Peremyshl, and Ternopil.
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HISTORY OF RUNIC ALPHABET
Modern linguists think that runes posses another kind of meaning, which we cannot find in ideograms, hieroglyphs or in modern exotic alphabets – this meaning exists in subconsciousness level. Runes were the personification of the surrounding world, essence of outlook. With the help of special links between runes a man could express nearly everything, compiling them (so called combined runes). In different times runes could change their meaning, so we can say this adjusting system created dozens of meanings of one and the same symbol. Linguists find confirmation of this theory in the following example – every rune in different languages had separate and original meaning, which didn’t fully coincide with another one in the second language.
Like all others components of language, runes endured numerous changes: in form, style of writing, system of sounds and letters, which expressed them. We can say, that these alphabets took wide spreading not only among Scandinavian and German tribes, but we can also trace its penetration in Celtic and Slavonic languages. Now runes keep their main original meaning - in the beginning they were the symbols of fortunetelling lore with sacred sense and mystic signs. Even the word “rune” corresponds as “secret” (compare old Celtic “run”, middle welsh “rown”, modern German “raunen”). In Anglo-Saxon England the hours of king council were called “runes”.
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HISTORY OF NORTHERN IRELAND
Ulster was part of Catholic Ireland until the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) when, after suppressing three Irish rebellions, the Crown confiscated lands in Ireland and settled the Scots Presbyterians in Ulster. Another rebellion in 1641–1651, brutally crushed by Oliver Cromwell, resulted in the settlement of Anglican Englishmen in bsequent political policy favoring Protestants and disadvantaging Catholics encouraged further Protestant settlement in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland did not separate from the South until William Gladstone presented, in 1886, his proposal for home rule in Ireland. Industry, moreover, was concentrated in the North and dependent on the British market. When World War I began, civil war threatened between the regions. Northern Ireland, however, did not become a political entity until the six counties accepted the Home Rule Bill of 1920. This set up a semiautonomous Parliament in Belfast and a Crown-appointed governor advised by a cabinet of the prime minister and 8 ministers, as well as a 12-member representation in the House of Commons in London.
When the Republic of Ireland gained sovereignty in 1922, relations improved between North and South, although the Irish Republican Army (IRA), outlawed in recent years, continued the struggle to end the partition of Ireland. In 1966–1969, rioting and street fighting between Protestants and Catholics occurred in Londonderry, fomented by extremist nationalist Protestants, who feared the Catholics might attain a local majority, and by Catholics demonstrating for civil rights. These confrontations became known as “the Troubles.”
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ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL LIFE IN BRITAIN
Artistic and cultural life in Britain is rather rich. It passed several main stages in its development.
The Saxon King Alfred encouraged the arts and culture. The chief debt owed to him by English literature is for his translations of and commentaries on Latin works. Art, culture and literature flowered during the Elizabethan age, during the reign of Elizabeth I; it was the period of English domination of the oceans.
It was at this time that William Shakespeare lived.
The empire, which was very powerful under Queen Victoria, saw another cultural and artistic hey-day as a result of industrialisation and the expansion of international trade.
Immigrants who have arrived from all parts of the Commonwealth since 1945 have not only created a mixture of nations, but have also brought their cultures and habits with them. Monuments and traces of past greatness are everywhere. There are buildings of all styles and periods. A great number of museums and galleries display precious and interesting finds from all parts of the world and from all stage in the development of nature, man and art. London is one of the leading world centres for music, drama, opera and dance. Festivals held in towns and cities throughout the country attract much interest. Many British playwrights, composers, sculptors, painters, writers, actors, singers and dancers are known all over the world.
із загальної та прикладної фонетики:
1. Охарактеризуйте кожен звук у словах друзі, парк, thing.
2. Затранскрибуйте російські та українські слова фонетичною транскрипцією. Назвіть фонетичні процеси, які в них відбуваються:
рос: суд, поздний, укр: кожух.
3. В уривках з текстів, підготовлених для радіопередач, виділіть співзвучні слова, розмежовувавши тавтологію і випадкові звукові повтори. Перекладіть українською мовою. Виправіть речення, усуваючи недоліки фоніки і мовленнєві помилки: Последний взнос внесли в копилку советского спорта наши шашисты.
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