1. The first machine was done by the French engineer.

2. The vehicles of those days were not very large.

3. The participants of the clubs can show their carriages.

C) Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию из текста.

1. What was the first car?

2. Why did further development of the motor car lag?

3. What is the value of William Harrah car collection?

D) В какой части текста говорится:

об истории создании первых автомобилей? об этапах совершенствования конструкций автомобилей?

3.  о том периоде времени, когда машины приобрели современный облик?

E) Определите, является ли данное предложение истинным, ложным или в тексте нет об этом информации

1.  A procession of automobiles showed that the new cars were inefficient.

2.  Many Americans want to gather modern vehicles and they have many clubs which specialize in the styles.

3.  There are three main types of automobiles.

F) Определите основную идею текста.

In Russia there were towns where vehicles were out of the law. Gradually automobiles were more reliable and effective and the car is not the product of the mind of only one man. The clubs organized meetings and there members showed their vehicles.

Задание 9. Расположите элементы делового письма на конверте в правильном порядке:

(1)  H. Brown & W. Pink LimitedРРРHkllll,

Cotton Road,

(2)  Cardiff(3) EX5 DT,

England

(4) Ms. J. Faulkner

(5) British Films Ltd

3 Wardour St.

London (6) W1 5JN

·  the addressee’s company name

НЕ нашли? Не то? Что вы ищете?

·  the ZIP Code in the mailing address

·  the ZIP Code in the return address

·  the addressee

·  the town the letter comes from

·  the sender

Задание 10. Расположите части служебной записки (меморандуме) в правильном порядке:

(1)____: Grey, Black & White

From:(2)________

Date: 1 May

(3)____: J. White & CO. LTD

J. White & CO. LTD are enclosing our (4)____, where you will find details of our quarterly discount, and our price list for the complete range of products. As you will see, we can grant special terms for orders of the value you mention.

·  To

·  Manager

·  Subject

·  Order № 000

Задание 11.Напишите письмо-жалобу на некачественное обслуживание (отсутствие автозаправки на территории) в гостинице Russia (г. Москва, Россия) от г-на Прохорова, адресованное компании Travel company, расположенной , офис 412

Вариант 2

Грамматика: Infinitive. Forms and Functions. Bare Infinitive

Infinitive Constructions: Objective, Nominative, For-to-Infinitive

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения. Вставьте инфинитив в нужной форме и переведите предложение на русский язык.

·  It is necessary ___ the type of engine water cooling system (to know).

A. to have known C. to have been known E. to know

B. to be known D. to be knowing F. to have been knowing

·  The purpose of radiator is ___ the engine heat to the coolant (to dissipate).

A. to dissipate C. to be dissipating E. to have dissipated

B. to be dissipated D. to have been dissipated F. to have been dissipating

·  The purpose of the fan was___ an air flow when the vehicle was stationary with the engine idling (to create).

A. to have created C. to be creating E. to create

B. to have been created D. to have been creating F. to be created

Задание 2. Перепишите предложения, поставьте частицу to, где необходимо. Объясните причину отсутствия частицы to. Переведите предложение на русский язык.

·  They were made ___ study the components of the water cooling system.

·  Interior heating for the vehicle may ___ be improved.

·  High operating temperature would ___ cause breakdown of the lubricating oil films.

Задание 3. Перепишите предложения. Измените их используя Infinitive вместо подчёркнутых слов. Переведите полученное предложение на русский язык.

4.  He was not the only one who realized the behaviour of metals at high temperatures.

5.  We’ll find someone who will explain us the advantages of water cooling.

6.  There was no place in the article where we could write about the advantages of air cooling.

Задание 4. Перепишите предложения. Замените сложные предложения или группы предложений простыми предложениями с инфинитивным оборотом Complex Object. Переведите полученное предложение на русский язык.

1. They were awarded for their publication of the need of engine cooling. I knew it.

Warm –up of engine is more rapid because of lower specific heat of the air cooling medium. We believe it. The engine is provided with a water cooling system. We’d like it.

Задание 5. Перепишите предложения. Закончите их, используя "for-to-Infinitive Construction". Переведите предложение на русский язык.

This is the viewpoint of converting heat into mechanical energy (you ;it ; is; to explain ). If equal masses of water and air each receive the same quantity of heat the water will experience the fast rise of temperature (it; is; everybody; to know). The rate of heat emission equals the rate at which heat is generated in the engine (students; it, is, to prove).

Задание 6. Перепишите предложения с Complex Subject. Вставьте сказуемое в нужной форме и переведите предложение на русский язык.

Heat…to be converted into mechanical energy (to know). Each piston…to have already accomplished its power stroke (to prove). Outside air…to be directed through the heat exchanger matrix (to be sure).

Задание 7. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитивные обороты. Определите, какой инфинитивный оборот употреблён в предложении. Переведите предложение на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму инфинитива

4.  Cooling is more constant because the time to be taken for water rises through a given temperature.

5.  Water possesses a greater thermal inertia than air, it is important for you to know.

6.  It is likely that the report on advantages of air cooling will be ready tomorrow.

Задание 8. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

ENGINE COOLING

I. The need for engine cooling

From the viewpoint of converting heat into mechanical energy, it follows that if each piston accomplished its power stroke starting at the temperature of combustion, such an engine would in theory be highly efficient. To achieve it in practice, however, would entail unacceptably high operating temperatures with adverse effects on both engine lubrication and materials.

II. Excessively high operating temperatures would cause breakdown of the lubricating oil films, resulting in undue wearing and possible seizure of the working parts. of metals at high temperatures also differs from that at normal temperatures and can produce a condition known as creep, in which the metal deforms slowly and continuously at a constant stress. For these reasons the engine must be provided with a system of cooling, so that it can be maintained at its most efficient practicable operating temperature. In practice, motor vehicle engines are designed either for indirect cooling by air through the medium of water or, less commonly, for direct cooling by air. These two systems are known simply. The behaviour as water cooling and air cooling respectively. Each system possesses certain advantages over the other.

III. Advantages of water cooling

Cooling is more uniform because heat is transferred with greater rapidity from he engine metal surfaces to water than it is to air. This can be explained by the specific heat of water being higher than that of air, so that if equal masses of water and air each receive the same quantity of heat, the wa­ter will experience the least rise of temperature. Consequently there will be a more rapid transfer of heat as a result of the higher mean temperature difference between the metal surfaces and the water in contact with them.

IV. Cooling is more constant because the time taken for water to rise through a given temperature range is longer than that for the same mass of air. This property of water possessing a greater thermal inertia than air can be advantageous in maintaining a more nearly constant operating temperature - that is, when the rate of heat emission equals the rate at which heat is generated in the engine.

Interior heating for the vehicle is improved because outside air may be directed through the heat exchanger matrix, which can be conveniently heated by circulating a portion of the engine coolant through it.

V. Advantages of air cooling.

Warm-up of engine is more rapid because of the lower specific heat of the air cooling medium; heat is less readily transferred from the engine metal to the air being circulated around it, as a result of their lower mean temperature difference.

VI. The system is inherently more reliable because air cooling is immune to either freezing or boiling of the coolant around the cylinder heads and cylinders, and to the loss of coolant. It is also free from any build-up of corrosive products that can restrict coolant passages.

VII .Less maintenance is required in service because there is neither the requirement to check the cooling medium for level and condition, nor the need to inspect rubber connecting hoses for signs of leakage.

Certain criticisms that are customarily leveled at air cooling should be treated with some reserve: these include less reliability for heavy-duty appli­cation, greater power consumption and noisiest operation

4.  Перепишите в тетрадь и переведите письменно II часть текста.

5.  Найдите в тексте предложения, имеющие одинаковое значение со следующими:

(3) Very high temperatures will cause breakdown of the lubricating oil films.

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