Формирование генетических ресурсов и их использование в селекции ячменя (стр. 13 )

Қазақстан Республикасы ауыл шаруашылық дақылдарын сорттық сынау мемлекеттік комиссиясына жаздық арпаның 4 жаңа сорты берілді және шығарылды. Оның ішінде екеуі «бульбозум» технологиясы бойынша.

Alimgazinova Bayan Shurumbaevna

Сreation of genetic resources and their using in barley breeding

Abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences

on specialty 06.01.05 – Breeding and Seedgrowing

Summary

The objects of investigations were databases, catalogs, samples of genetic diversity of 10 groups of crops (cereals, forage etc.), passports information of more than 55 000 samples, collections of winter and spring barley, dihaploid lines (more than 3 000 samples).

The aim of work: creation of barley genetic resources to create initial forms and varieties of different technological end use, adapted to ecological zones of Kazakhstan.
The methods of investigation. A lot of guidelines for the study of barley collection, documentation of the genefund, for creation of barley dihaploids by "bulbosum” technology, biochemical evaluation of barley grain, hordein electrophoresis, statistical data processing, morphological description according to UPOV, the content of Fe, Zn and β-glucan in the grain, field experiments on barley breeding, etc. were used in the process of work.

The results of the work. The inventory of plant genetic resources (PGR) conserved in ex situ condition (data collection, analysis, systematization and synthesis of research institutes information of Kazakhstan) was conducted. Valuable categories of genetic resources of agricultural crops were concentrated (more than 15 th. samples) and its conservation was organized. The National electronic database has information of more than 55 th. samples including 2680 of barley samples. The "Strategy of development of plant genetic resources of Kazakhstan” and the prognosis of management model of PGR were developed for effective national coordination to solve complex problems related to agrobiodiversity.

The competitiveness of winter barley genetic diversity was determined by several traits. The samples of breeding nursery - 2 winter barley were differentiated on the productivity. The selected forms were characterized on early maturing, hardiness, the productivity, fullness, grading and size of grain and were classified on the maximum of their expression and stability. As perspective for the breeding about 15% of the samples of two - row and six-row forms stably forming large and uniform-sized grains and 8 genotypes with a stable high grain nature (to 621 g/l) among two - row (OЯ -51, OЯ -312, OЯ - 325, OЯ -350, OЯ -625) and among six-row forms (to 644 g/l): OЯ -338, OЯ -346, OЯ -354) were indicated. Stems productivity optimum (600-700 sht/m2) was detected for 25% of six-row and for 37% of two-row forms. In the 2008 the samples OЯ -252, OЯ -312, OЯ -305, OЯ -425, OЯ -432, OЯ -630 with a yield of 48,5 kg/ha, 47,5kg/ha, 45,0kg/ha, 43,0kg/ha, 41,0kg/ha, 40,0kg/ha were selected in the competitive variety testing.

The collection of spring barley was studied on the biological properties, productivity and grain quality. The large degree of variability was estimated on the duration of period vegetation, plant height, 1000 kernels weight, yield, technological parameters (content of protein and starch in the grain). For the first time the barley collection (183 samples) was studied on grain b-glucan content as a malting criteria. The variability range of b-glucan was from 3,62% to 5,83%. The samples with a b-glucan low level were selected. There were seven samples of spring barley with level from 3.66 to 3.98% and four winter samples - from 3,65% to 4,00%.

Spring barley collection was tested on extremely arid conditions in Syria. The extent of variability of the samples was shown on 1000 kernels weight, yield level and protein content. For the first time the samples were characterized by Fe and Zn content in the grain. The range of variability of Fe content was from 30,4 mg/kg to 52,6 mg/kg, of Zn content - from 30,8 mg/kg to 63,4 mg/kg. The samples with traits complex were selected which can be used as parental forms for a particular trait.
The efficiency of dihaploid technology ''bulbosum" for creating of barley genetic diversity was demonstrated. The dihaploids were identified by 33 morphological characters according to UPOV, the spectrum of hordein, of enzymes PRX, EST and 6-PGD. Considerable variability between dihaploids by biochemical indicators such as protein content and its fractions, amylose, hullness, extractivity was showed. Some dihaploid lines were identified as adequate to malting barley according to the level of biochemical parameters. The evaluation of dihaploid lines on breeding value was conducted at all stages of selection process, including in the arid zone of Western Kazakhstan.

The spring and winter barley collections were classified by technological end use (malting, feed, food). 15-17% of the winter forms collection was indicated as high amylose content, 17-25% - as low protein content, 23-46% - as high starch content and perspective for use in malting industry and 40% of two-rowed and 30% of six-rowed winter barley with protein content of more than 15% as fodder ones. More than 56% numbers of spring barley with protein content of 12-15% were differentiated as samples as perspective ones for barley breeding for food and 7% of the samples referred to malting type with the protein content of less than 12%.

Four new varieties of barley including two varieties by combination of traditional methods and “bulbosum” technology were created and passed to the State Commission for crops variety testing of the Kazakhstan Republic.

АЛИМГАЗИНОВА БАЯН ШУРУМБАЕВНА

Формирование генетических ресурсов и их использование в селекции ячменя

06.01.05 – Селекция и семеноводство

Автореферат

диссертации на соискание ученой степени

доктора сельскохозяйственных наук

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