Where law and regulations permit, the bank may form a branch banking organization. The full range of banking services is offered from several locations, including head office and one or more branch offices.
The existence of so many small banks and so many different kinds of banking organizations has created the need for strong interbank relations. Banks set up formal and informal relationships with each other through an extensive system of correspondent banking. The rapid geographic expansion and consolidation of banking units have reached well beyond boundaries of a single nation. The major banks establish extensive international operations not only by extending their branch network abroad but by establishing correspondent relations with foreign banks too.
Learn new words:
unit bank (am.) — бесфилиальный банк
commercial customer — коммерческий потребитель, крупная фирма
ATM —банкомат
EXERCISE 1
Answer the questions.
What does successful competition in the market of bank services presuppose? What factors determine the bank’s organization and operation? What is characteristic of a small community bank (as opposed to a wholesale bank)? What are the potential advantages of large banks? What has given an impetus to branch banking organizations in recent years?EXERCISE 2
Translate into English:
Функционирование экономики современного общества невозможно без четко отлаженной системы мобилизации денежных доходов и сбережений и превращение их в капитал. Главным звеном такой системы являются банки. В современных государствах рыночной экономики банки представляют собой особый вид предприятия, занимающегося предпринимательской деятельностью в специфической сфере ссудного капитала, осуществляя его мобилизацию, движение и распределение.
Коммерческие банки являются основным звеном кредитной системы государства. Держатели акций банка избирают совет директоров, которые облечены большой властью для выполнения своих обязанностей. От них ожидается принятие таких стратегических решений и такое качество управления деятельностью банка, которые обеспечат безопасность фондов и прибыльность операций. Совет директоров однако не осуществляет непосредственного руководства повседневными операциями банка. Директора избирают председателя совета директоров (председателя правления), который постоянно информирует совет директоров о положении банка и о практической реализации принятой им политики.
Президент является административным главой банка и отвечает за управление оперативной деятельностью банка. Председатель правления, президент, а также вице-председатель составляют высшее руководство банка. Они ведут дела банка, нанимают служащих и контролируют их работу.
Количество банковских управлений и отделов зависит от величины и характера деятельности банка.
В организационной структуре банков реализуются как оперативные, так и штабные функции.
2 Грамматический справочник
2.1 Правила обращения прямой речи в косвенную речь
John said, “I am tired”. - John said that he was tired.
Ann told me, “ I have a day-off on Sunday”. – Ann told me that she had no money.
Прямая речь (Direct Speech) – это речь, переданная от лица говорящего без какого-либо изменения. В английском языке она отделяется от вводящих слов запятой и выделяется кавычками, которые ставятся в начале и в конце предложения над строчкой.
Косвенная речь (Indirect Speech) – это речь, переданная в измененной форме в виде придаточного предложения, которое вводится союзом или бессоюзно. Запятая перед таким предложением не ставится, и оно не выделяется кавычками.
При обращении прямой речи в косвенную, если прямая речь представляет собой повествовательное предложение, производятся следующие изменения:
Если глагол главного предложения стоит в форме прошедшего времени, то глагол придаточного предложения также приобретает одну из форм прошедшего времени в соответствии с правилом согласования времен.Am/is | Was |
Are | Were |
Have/has | Had |
Can | Could |
Will | Would |
Do/does | Did |
Present Simple | Past Simple |
Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
Past Simple | Past Perfect |
Future Simple | Future in the Past |
This | That |
These | Those |
Here | There |
Now | Then |
Today | That day |
Tomorrow | The next day |
Yesterday | The day before |
Ago | Before |
The day before yesterday | Two days before |
This week (month, year) | That week (month, year) |
Last week (month year) | The week (month, year) before |
Next week (month, year) | The next week (month, year) |
EXERCISE 1
Report these statements using indirect speech. Make all the necessary changes:
“I have a headache.” – Mrs. Leigh said … “Nelly does not understand the home assignment.” - Sam said … “College students study hard.” – Professor Pyke told us … “He has a brother and two sisters.” – Douglas said … “I’ve written the exercises.” - Anne told me … “Jim repaired his car yesterday.” - She told us … “Olga visited her relatives last week.” - Stan said … “We have five courses.” - The student s told us … “My father speaks German and Italian.” - Constance said … “I’m enrolling as a freshman.”- Oliver told me … “I have asked Nancy for dinner.” - Mrs. Parker told me … “I’ve bought a ham sandwich for you.” – Mary said … “Henry did not go to class this morning.” – Barbara said … “Professor Reed spoke about the French impressionists last Thursday.” – Jane said … “Mr. Brown is working at his lecture.” – Mr. Brown’s wife told us … “Sheila has not heard from her brother for a long time.” – Bill told us…EXERCISE 2
Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Charlie. Here are some of the things Charlie said to you:
| I’m living in London now. | Charlie
| I have not seen Diane recently. |
| My father is not very well. | I am not enjoying my job very much. | |
| Sharon and Paul are getting married next month. | You can come and stay in my flat in London. | |
| Margaret has had a baby. | My car was stolen a few weeks ago. | |
| I do not know what Fred is doing. | I can not afford to go on holiday. | |
| I saw Helen at a party in June. | I’ll tell Helen I saw you. |
Later that day you tell another friend what Charlie said. Use reported speech:
| Charlie said that he was living in London. He said ………………………………….. He………………………………………. ………………………………………….. …………………………………………. ………………………………………… …………………………………………. …………………………………………. …………………………………………. …………………………………………. ………………………………………….. …………………………………………. |
EXERCISE 3
Put in say/said or tell/told:
She … that she was tired. He … me that he was tired. I … that it was important. Jack … me you were ill. She ….she did not like Peter. Did Lucy … that she would be late? I did not …police anything. The man …us he was a reporter. He …he was a reporter. Did they … you their names?
При обращении вопросительных предложений из прямой речи в косвенную производятся следующие изменения:
EXERCISE 4
Report these questions using indirect speech. Make all the necessary changes:
“Did you live on a small farm?” - Mrs. Russell asked me – “Are you going to Detroit for the weekend?” - I asked Agatha - “Whom did you ask for dinner?” - My wife asked me- “How do you like the soup?” - I asked Ted - “Where does your teacher live?” - Phil asked me- “Has Doris met all the student here?” - Mr. Chandler asked- “What time did the Burtons leave for the concert?” - She wondered- “Has Professor Thompson traveled to many countries?” - I wondered- “Do you need this book?” - Gerald asked me- “Who answered the phone?” - Mrs. Watson wondered- “Why doesn’t your son want to go to college?” - We asked Mrs. Grant- “Did Raymond get good grades?” - She asked – “How long have you lived in this town?” - I asked Henry- “What clothes does your daughter want to buy?” - We asked Mrs. Pence- “Which of them is learning Japanese?” - I wondered- “Which course did Robert take instead of psychology?” - The students asked- “Why did they call off the party?” - Nancy asked- “Are all the people hire?” - He asked- “Is Pamela very anger?” - Nicholas asked- “Do you remember your promise?” - We asked Mrs. Smith- “Where does your sister teach?” - Frank asked me-EXERCISE 5
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