Концепция бенчмаркинга для повышения энергоэффективности в Республике Казахстан (стр. 1 )

УДК: 338.45(574)

JEL classification: Q48: Energy: Government Policy

А. М. Tleppayev,
PhD, associate professor,

German Kazakh University,

Almaty, The Republic of Kazakhstan

S. ZH. Zeinolla,

PhD, head of chair,

National center for professional development «ORLEU»,

Almaty, The Republic of Kazakhstan

THE CONCEPT OF BENCHMARKING TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Abstract

Purpose – is to develop theoretical and methodological approaches and scientific and practical recommendations aimed at improving the energy efficiency of the economy of Kazakhstan.

Methodology – analysis, comparative assessment, generalization, deduction, dialectical-logical approach, study and analysis of international experience.

Originality/value – analyzed and systematized approaches to the analysis based on the concept of energy efficiency benchmarking. The research paper identified the main principles and concepts of Kazakhstan's transition to a green economy.

Findings – at the present stage an effective economic development, aimed at the achievement of performance indicators requires significant changes in many areas of industry. A national policy in the field of energy efficiency is very important for Kazakhstan. Benchmarking allows selecting the most effective methods of evaluating, developing and implementing new ideas in the field of energy efficiency. In the context of the Republic of Kazakhstan improvements in energy efficiency of the economy by sectors is possible in obtaining real data of the manufacturing sector. Energy audit in accordance with international standards can meet the challenges of data collection. Implementation of the proposals for the development of energy audits will increase the efficiency of the economy and energy savings.

Keywords – benchmarking, energy audits, energy efficiency, methodology, energy management.

,

PhD, доцент

Казахстанско-Немецкий Университет,

г. Алматы, Республика Казахстан

,

PhD, зав. кафедрой,

Национальный центр повышения квалификации «ОРЛЕУ»,

г. Алматы, Республика Казахстан

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ БЕНЧМАРКИНГА ДЛЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭНЕРГОЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН

Аннотация

Цель исследования – заключается в разработке теоретико-методологических подходов и научно-практических рекомендаций направленных на повышение энергоэффективности экономики Казахстана.

Методология – анализ, сравнительный подход, обобщение, дедукция, диалектико-логический подход, изучение и анализ международного опыта.

Оригинальность/ценность – проанализированы и систематизированы подходы к анализу энергоэффективности на основе концепции бенчмркинга. Выявлены основные принципы и концепции перехода Казахстана к зеленой экономике.

Выводы - на современном этапе эффективное экономическое развитие, направленное на достижение индикативных показателей требует значительных изменений во многих областях производства. Национальная политика в области повышения энергоэффективности имеет очень важное значение для Казахстана. Бенчмаркинг позволяет отбирать наиболее эффективные методики оценки, разработки и внедрения новых идей в области энергоэффективности. В условиях Республики Казахстан  положительные сдвиги в области повышения энергоэффективности экономики по секторам, возможна при получении объективных данных оценки состояния производственного сектора. Энергоаудит в соответствии с мировыми стандартами позволяет решать задачи сбора данных. Реализация предложений по развитию энергоаудита позволит повысить эффективность экономики и показатели энергосбережения.

Ключевые слова – бенчмаркинг, энергоаудит, энергоэффективность, методология, энергоменеджмент.

Introduction

At the present stage an effective economic development, given the long-term policy documents, and to achieve the performance indicators requires significant changes in many areas of production. For example, in the State Program of Forced Industrial-Innovative Development of Kazakhstan for 2010-2014 is emphasized. Objectively, the pre-crisis period market economy of Kazakhstan formed evolutionarily. Pro-cyclical development was set by the dynamics of the growth of export of the commodity sector and the availability of cheap investment resources on external financial markets. Accordingly, business priorities did not correlate with the priorities of the state for the development of manufacturing products with high added value. These trends are reflected in the corresponding portfolio of investment projects as development institutes and second-tier banks. This reflects the objective evolutionary process of national business formation. The crisis makes us look for new markets and innovative products [1].

However, as the foreign practice to achieve high rates of real economic growth the need for consistency and structural measures aimed not only at the opening of the industrial enterprises of the new formation, but also measures to improve the existing production capacity. In this regard, recently national policies implemented to improve energy efficiency. The value of energy efficiency sector is very important for the developed countries:  preservation the delicate ecological balance and development not only manufacturing, but also the standard of living of the population for the dynamic development and the preservation of ecology and natural resources.

Role of energy efficiency

Energy efficiency plays a major role in the economic development of the country. According to the International Energy Agency, the use of energy efficiency programs in the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Australia, Japan, Italy, was managed to avoid the cost of equivalent value of 1,5 billion metric tons of oil in 2010. The current model of the economy of Kazakhstan is characterized by: the dependence of the economy on the oil sector, mining and heavy industry. According to McKinsey: Kazakhstan is characterized by «a high level of inefficiency in the use of resources 7,5-14 billion dollars by 2030», and in this case the losses are estimated at «6-10 billion dollars due to the low efficiency, and 1,5-4 billion dollars due to low crop yields»[2]. «However, the Republic of Kazakhstan passes massive potential for energy savings, which is able to solve the problem of economic growth of the country. This potential is comparable with the growth of production of primary energy resources and is estimated to be 20-30% reduction in energy demand»[2].  Thus, the power consumption of the Kazakh economy significantly exceeds the same indicator, based on purchasing power parity, in the United States, Japan and the countries of the European Union.

The energy intensity of industry in Kazakhstan is 4-5 times higher than in European countries. Kazakhstan's GDP energy intensity varies 1,5-1,8 (figure 1), while, as 0,1 in Japan and 0,16 in Germany [3].

Figure 1 - The energy intensity of GDP (tons of oil equivalents per thousand US dollars in 2000 prices)[3]

Energy facilities and infrastructure in Kazakhstan require speedy modernization. It is estimated that over 90% of the gas turbines, nearly 60% of the steam turbine and steam boiler 33% have worked at least twenty years. Investments are needed not only for the producers of electricity, but also for its end-users: the lion's share of Kazakhstan's industry consumes a great deal more energy to produce (five times) than similar enterprises in European Union.

High energy intensity and low energy efficiency of the country's economy due to:

1) in the industry:

- the structure of the economy with a high share in GDP energy-intensive industries (more than 60% of the industry) and a relatively small share of industries with low energy consumption;

- Electricity generating capacity based on coal-fired power plants;
significant physical deterioration of equipment (power 60-80%, 30-60% of non-ferrous metals, etc.) and low coefficient of renewal;

- technological and technical lagging industries and non-conformity with international standards (only 10-15% of technologies correspond to the world level);

- the lack of regulation, standardization, certification and control in the sphere of energy saving;

- the lack of a full-fledged state statistical reports in the field of energy efficiency and conservation;

- low level of innovative activity in the economy;
low profitability, which does not allow enterprises to upgrade fixed assets and invest in the development of new technologies;

- the problem of training and professional development engineers and workers;

- high wear of the electric grid (~ 65-70%);

- uneven distribution of regional generating capacity (42% of the installed capacity of electric power is concentrated in the Pavlodar region).

2) in the sector of housing and communal services:

- dilapidated housing;

- thermal characteristics of buildings that do not meet modern requirements;

- low activity of the owners of housing for holding energy saving measures;

-  low level of automation control systems, heating, hot water and ventilation, automatic control of lighting systems, and the wrong choice of types of lighting fixtures and light sources;

- large losses of electricity, heat and water utility networks;

- low energy efficiency the main fuel used in district heating (coal);

- large heat loss through walls and windows;

- weak technological and technical equipment, the use of obsolete equipment with very low efficiency.

3) in the transport sector:

- 80% automobile transport is used more than 10 years;

- 87% of total consumption by automobile transport;

- transportation costs make up 8-11% of the final cost of the goods (in industrialized countries, the rate is generally 4%).

The first step towards energy saving is an energy audit. Energy audit (Energy) - the collection, processing and analysis of data on the use of energy resources in order to assess the feasibility and potential of energy conservation and prepare a report. According to Article 16-1 Law of Kazakhstan "On energy saving and energy efficiency": legal entities have the right of the audit if companies have received a certificate of accreditation for this type of activity [4].