13. My wish (to be) to become an artist, that is why I (to study) at the Arts Academy.
14. We were greatly surprised not to find Ann at home. It turned out that her sister (to forget) to give her our message, and Ann (to leave) the house fifteen minutes before we (to come).
15. I decided not to put on my raincoat as it (to stop) raining already and the sun (to shine) brightly.
16. The performance already (to begin), and they (to have) to wait till the first act (to be) over.
17. Listen! Somebody (to sing) in the next room.
18. He (to play) the guitar at the concert tomorrow evening.
19. When the teacher told the boy to recite the poem? The boy (to burst) into tears: he (not to remember), though he (to try) to learn his lesson so hard.
20. I (to send) them the telegram and hoped that they (to meet) me.
II. Переделайте предложения в активном залоге в предложения в страдательном залоге.
Образец:
Software Workshop hosts many fine sites. - Many fine sites are hosted by Software Workshop.
1. We must finish our work as soon as possible.
2. Mary will have helped John.
3. You ought to translate this article at once.
4. Tom will deliver the mail.
5. A team of famous scientists have made all observations.
6. The hurricane has destroyed several houses last week.
7. I've already bought a new computer.
8. They grow cotton in Egypt.
9. They were discussing a new plan when we came.
10. She always does her work in the evening.
11. I love my mother.
12. A masked gunman shot him.
13. I am watering my plants every day.
14. Jack stole 100 dollars.
15. The panda is eating shoots and leaves.
III. Поставьте глагол в правильной форме, согласно правилам согласования времен
1. He spoke so fast that I not follow him. (can)
2. His health has improved since he from the hills. (return)
3. My sister (not to rest) now. She (to help) mother in the kitchen.
4. It is necessary that he us the documents. (to send)
5. He has said that he a letter. (to receive)
6. Our Holy Books tell us that man ------- mortal. (to be)
7. The teacher asked the boys whether they ------- the problems. (to solve)
8. We have never discovered who ---- it. (to do)
9. He has said that he a letter yesterday. (to receive)
10. Our Holy Books tell us that man ------- mortal. (to be)
11. He once stronger than he ------- now. (to be/ to be)
12. It not so cold yesterday as it ---- today. (to be/ to be)
13. I am not satisfied with what I ----- (to do).
14. I thought that she ---- knew that he had taken the first place in the chess tournament. (to know)
15. He refused to go to the theatre as he ------- an examination in English in a few days. (to have)
IV. Переведите предложения на английский язык, определите тип условного предложения
Образец:
Если бы я был Премьер Министром, я бы увеличил налог для богатых людей. – If I were Prime Minister, I’d increase tax for rich people. ( II )
1. Если бы у них были деньги, они бы купили новую машину?
2. Если бы она знала ответ, то сказала бы нам.
3. Если бы мы жили в России, мы бы быстро выучили русский язык.
4. Если завтра будет хорошая погода, мы поедем за город.
5. Я дам вам эту книгу при условии, что вы вернете ее на следующей неделе.
6. Если я увижу его завтра, я спрошу его об этом.
7. Вы могли бы застать его там, если бы зашли в шесть часов.
8. Если бы я видела его вчера, я бы спросила его об этом.
9. Если бы вы работали усерднее в прошлом году, вы бы теперь хорошо знали английский язык.
10. Мы будем подписывать контракт, если нам будут предоставлены выгодные скидки.
V. Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на
наклонение.
Образец:
Управляющий вошел в офис, сел за письменный стол и начал просматривать утреннюю
почту. – The manager entered the office, sat down at his desk, and began to look through the
morning mail. (Indicative Mood)
1. Уходи-ка ты!
2. Не выбрасывайте ничего такого, что может пригодиться.
3. Не прикидывайся невинной (овечкой).
4. Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы принял их предложение.
5. Он говорил, как если бы он был специалистом по этому вопросу.
6. Оденьтесь как можно теплее.
7. Кто-нибудь, ответьте по телефону/возьмите трубку, пожалуйста!
8. Ну, ты, убирайся!
9. Как бы я хотел бы, чтобы он был с нами!
10. Пусть Мария сходит за словарем.
Часть 4
Составьте резюме для устройства на работу
Variant 5
Часть 1
Seat-belts
When a vehicle is involved in a crash it comes to an abrupt halt. If not restrained, the bodies of the occupants will either be catapulted forward into the structure of the vehicle – most likely into the steering wheel if they are driving, or into the back of the front seats if they are back-seat passengers – or be ejected from the vehicle completely. Seat-belts are designed to help keep people away from the vehicle structure or from serving as projectiles, and to distribute the forces of a crash over the strongest parts of the human body, thereby causing the minimum amount of damage to the body’s sot tissues.
Failure to use a seat-belt is a major risk factor for road traffic deaths and injuries among vehicle occupants. Passengers who were not wearing their seat-belts at the time of a collision account for the majority of road traffic fatalities among this group. In addition, passengers who do not wear seat-belts and have a frontal crash are most likely to suffer a head injury.
Ejection from the vehicle is one of the most harmful events that can happen to a person in a crash. Analysis of statistics from the United States from 2004 found that among crashes involving a death, 21% of occupants who were killed had been completely ejected from the vehicle. Seat-belts are effective in preventing total ejections: in fatal crashes, only 3% of the occupants using restraints were totally ejected, compared with 37% of unrestrained occupants.
Rates of seat-belt use vary greatly between countries, governed to a large extent by the type of laws that require seat-belts to be fitted in vehicles and cars, and the laws requiring them to be worn. Rates are also dependent on the degree to which these laws are enforced. In many low-income countries there is no requirement for belts to be fitted or used, and rates of use are therefore correspondingly low.
The problem of enforcing seat-belt laws is exacerbated in the many parts of the world where there exists a large but unregulated taxi industry.
However, even in some high-income countries that do mandate seat-belt use, rates remain low, particularly for passengers seated in the rear of the vehicle.
Youth and seat-belts – compared with older drivers, young drivers and front-seat passengers are less likely than older drivers and passengers to use seat-belts while in a moving vehicle.
In 2002, in the United States, more than 60% of the 5625 young adults aged 16 to 20 years who were killed when riding in passenger vehicles were not wearing seat-belts. In particular, young male drivers have been found to use seat-belts less than other groups, thus increasing their risk of injury. This problem is made worse by the fact that young drivers are less likely to use seat-belts in situations where there is a higher risk of a crash, such as late at night or when they have been drinking.
Young occupants are also at increased risk of being killed by ejection from a vehicle. The North American studies mentioned above found that a higher proportion of occupant fatalities among 16–20 year-olds – compared with the general population – were ejections, illustrating the need to promote seat-belt use in this age group.
I. Переведите выделенные слова на русский язык. Переведите следующие слова
на английский язык.
транспортное средство –
вынужденная остановка –
рулевое колесо –
повреждение –
ремни безопасности –
усугубляться –
взрослые –
риск –
выбрасывание –
возрастная группа –
II. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
1. What are seat-belts designed?
2. What is a major risk factor for road traffic deaths and injuries among vehicle occupants?
3. What is one of the most harmful events that can happen to a person in a crash?
4. What are rates of seat-belt use dependent on?
5. Who are less likely to use seat-belts while in a moving vehicle?
6. Why are young occupants at increased risk of being killed by ejection from a vehicle?
III. Письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2 на русский язык.
Часть 2
Manual Transmission
A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox or standard transmission is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications. It generally uses a driver-operated clutch, typically operated by a pedal or lever, for regulating torque transfer from the internal combustion engine to the transmission, and a gear stick, either operated by hand (as in a car) or by foot (as on a motorcycle). A conventional manual transmission is frequently the base equipment in a car; other options include automated transmissions such as an automatic transmission, a semi-automatic transmission, or a continuously variable transmission (CVT).
Manual transmissions often feature a driver-operated clutch and a movable gear stick. Most automobile manual transmissions allow the driver to select any forward gear ratio "gear" at any time, but some, such as those commonly mounted on motorcycles and some types of racing cars, only allow the driver to select the next-higher or next-lower gear. This type of transmission is sometimes called a sequential manual transmission. Sequential transmissions are commonly used in auto racing for their ability to make quick shifts.
Manual transmissions are characterized by gear ratios that are selectable by locking selected gear pairs to the output shaft inside the transmission. Conversely, most automatic transmissions feature epicyclic (planetary) gearing controlled by brake bands and/or clutch packs to select gear ratio. Automatic transmissions that allow the driver to manually select the current gear are called Manumatics. A manual-style transmission operated by computer is often called an automated transmission rather than an automatic.
Contemporary automobile manual transmissions typically use four to six forward gears and one reverse gear, although automobile manual transmissions have been built with as few as two and as many as eight gears. Transmission for heavy trucks and other heavy equipment usually have at least 9 gears so the transmission can offer both a wide range of gears and close gear ratios to keep the engine running in the power band. Some heavy vehicle transmissions have dozens of gears, but many are duplicates, introduced as an accident of combining gear sets, or introduced to simplify shifting. Some manuals are referred to by the number of forward gears they offer (e. g., 5-speed) as a way of distinguishing between automatic or other available manual transmissions. Similarly, a 5-speed automatic transmission is referred to as a "5-speed automatic."
I. Переведите выделенные слова на русский язык. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению, в котором употреблено данное слово. Переведите эти предложения на русский язык.
передача –
коробка передач –
рычаг переключения передач –
ручной –
гоночная машина –
переключение –
задний ход –
грузовик –
авария –
доступный –
II. Письменно выполните перифраз второго абзаца.
III. Поставьте к тексту пять вопросов разных типов.
Часть 3
I. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в нужной форме
1. I (to come) home at 5 o’clock tomorrow.
2. It (to be) cold in autumn. It often (to rain).
3. He (not to go) to the library tomorrow evening.
4. I (to send) them the telegram and hoped that they (to meet) me.
5. His wish (to come) true, he (to become) a famous singer.
6. His wish (to be) to become a scientist.
7. My father (to work) every day, but today he (not to work).
8. At 5 o’clock last week she (to learn) to drive the car.
9. As I (to discover) later, they (to receive) it ten minutes before the train arrived and could not meet me.
10. I did not recognize Helen as I (not to see) her for a very long time and she greatly (to change).
11. Nick (to do) his homework now, because he (to go) to school tomorrow.
12. The weather (to be) bad yesterday. It (to be) raining all the time.
13. My sister (to eat) sweets every day.
14. When the train (to stop), I (to look) out of the window but (not to see) any of my friends there.
15. As I (to discover) later, they (to receive) it ten minutes before the train arrived and could not meet me.
16. Diana never (to be) here before and she (to like) the theatre very much.
17. At 3 o’clock yesterday he (to look) out of the window.
18. His sister (to bring) a kitten last week.
19. Why you (to decide) to become a writer?
20. You (to be) a doctor after finishing university?
II. Переделайте предложения в активном залоге в предложения в страдательном залоге.
Образец:
Software Workshop hosts many fine sites. - Many fine sites are hosted by Software Workshop.
1. Kathy chose James to be her assistant.
2. Software Workshop hosted many fine sites.
3. They asked us to be there at eight o’clock.
4. Mary caught the ball.
5. The children of Sparta got a military education.
6. They will complete the experiments by the end of this week.
7. She looked after her little sister when her mother was at work.
8. Mary had helped John before Mother came.
9. Richard threw a stone.
10. They offered me a chair.
11. I am sure they will offer you a very interesting job.
12. They recommended me several articles on that problem.
13. Someone taught him French and gave him a dictionary.
14. A masked gunman shot him.
15. I am watering my plants every day.
III. Поставьте глагол в правильной форме, согласно правилам согласования времен
1. Renee - had washed the car when George arrived. (to wash)
2. The teacher told the children that water --- at 100 degrees centigrade. (to boil)
3. He refused to go to the theatre as he ------- an examination in English in a few days. (to have)
4. He once stronger than he ------- now. (to be/ to be)
5. It not so cold yesterday as it ---- today. (to be/ to be)
6. It is necessary that he us the documents. (to send)
7. I am not satisfied with what I ----- (to do).
8. We have never discovered who ---- it. (to do)
9. He has said that he a letter yesterday. (to receive)
10. She ------- since she graduated from college. (to teach)
11. She went for a walk in the park when the weather ------ good.
12. The surgeon who was going to perform the operation ----- ill yesterday. (to
fall)
13. Yesterday the patient ----- better than he ------- today. (to feel/to feel)
the time he returned, I ---- ten pages of the report. (to type)
15. When we (to come) to the station, our train already (to leave), and we (to have) to wait
for two hours before another one (to come).
IV. Переведите предложения на английский язык, определите тип условного предложения
Образец:
Мы бы подписали контракт, если бы нам дали хорошую скидку. – We would have
signed the contract if they had given us a good discount. (условное предложение III типа)
1. Если я пойду за покупками, я куплю газету.
2. Если бы я был в Вашингтоне, я бы увидел Белый Дом.
3. Если бы я видела его вчера, я бы спросила его об этом.
4. Что бы ты делал, если бы увидел приведение?
5. Если бы я жил во дворце, у меня бы ли бы слуги, которые бы обслуживали меня.
6. Если бы я был богат, я бы отправился в кругосветное путешествие.
7. Что бы ты делал, если бы твой ребенок свалился в воду?
8. Если я не буду много гулять, я смогу больше поработать.
9. Вечером, когда я приду домой, я приму ванну.
10. Если на выходных будет дождь, я останусь дома.
V. Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на
наклонение.
Образец:
Управляющий вошел в офис, сел за письменный стол и начал просматривать утреннюю
почту. – The manager entered the office, sat down at his desk, and began to look through the
morning mail. (Indicative Mood)
1. Он сказал, что он уже сдаст экзамены к первому июля.
2. Смотрите, не захлопните дверь при выходе.
3. Прекратите же драться, ребята!
4. Всем расслабиться!
5. Прошлой зимой я проводил много времени в библиотеке.
6. Если бы мы так много знали о ней, мы бы знали и о Монике.
7. Мы переведем статью к пяти часам.
8. Я сказал, что уже напишу письмо к пяти часам.
9. Желательно, чтобы он был здесь в пять часов.
10. Было необходимо, чтобы они приняли меры немедленно.
Часть 4
Составьте резюме для устройства на работу.
Variant 6
Часть 1
Car safety
Many modern cars have steering columns which will collapse under the weight of the driver rather than impale him. Improvements have been made in windscreen materials. Both toughened glass and laminated "high penetration resistant" glass reduce the number and extent of disfiguring injures. The possibility of injury can also be reduced by replacing all sharp edges inside the car by rounded edges and padded surfaces.
The most effective way of reducing injures inside the car is to hold people firmly in their seats. Throughout the period of impact and deceleration various passive restraint systems have been developed. A few years ago it was thought that air bags would provide the answer. These would inflate on impact and pin the occupants of the car to their seats. Although many thousands of cars were equipped with air bags in the USA, opinion is turning them. They are expensive and, it is alleged, cannot be relied upon to inflate on impact, especially if they have been in the car for several months.
The most acceptable way of holding people in their seats is by using ordinary seat belts. Expert opinion overwhelmingly believes that seat belts save lives and reduce the severity of injures. Modern seat belts are comfortable and easy to use. It is compulsory to wear seat belts at least some of the time in all the EFC expect Britain and Italy. Everyone who drives a car can contribute to road safety by taking care of their car maintenance and by driving with care. We can all improve our own chances of survival by always wearing a seat belt when we are in a car.
I. Переведите выделенные слова на русский язык. Переведите следующие слова
на английский язык.
подушка безопасности –
автомобиль –
приемлемый –
обязательный –
надуваться –
повреждения –
ремень безопасности –
полагаться на –
мнение –
оборудован –
II. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.
1. What improvements have been made in cars?
2. How can the possibility of injury be reduced?
3. What is the most effective way of reducing injures inside the car nowadays?
4. What was the opinion about air bags and what is the opinion about air bags nowadays?
5. How can and should everyone who drives a car contribute to road safety?
6. What countries is not it compulsory to wear seat belts?
III. Письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3 на русский язык.
Часть 2
A semi-automatic transmission
A semi-automatic transmission is one that cannot change gears automatically but only half-automatically. ("Semi" meaning half in Latin.) This requires the driver to intervene in order to execute a gear change by moving a gear lever or pressing a clutch pedal or actuating a switch lever or other action. An automated transmission (also known as self-changing transmission, clutchless manual transmission, automated manual transmission, flappy-paddle gearbox, or paddle shift gearbox) is a system which uses electronic sensors, pneumatics, processors and actuators to execute gear shifts on the command of the driver or by a computer. This removes the need for a clutch pedal which the driver otherwise needs to depress before making a gear change, since the clutch itself is actuated by electronic equipment which can synchronise the timing and torque required to make gear shifts quick and smooth. The system was designed by automobile manufacturers to provide a better driving experience, especially in cities where congestion frequently causes stop-and-go traffic patterns.
Many modern automated transmissions can also operate in the same manner as a conventional type of automatic transmission by allowing the transmission's computer to automatically change gear if, for example, the driver were redlining the engine. The ability to shift gears manually, often via paddle shifters, can also be found on certain automatic transmissions (manumatics such as Tiptronic) and continuous variable transmissions (CVTs) (such as Lineartronic). Despite superficial similarity to other automated transmissions, automated transmissions differ significantly in internal operation and driver's "feel" from manumatics and CVTs. A manumatic, like a standard automatic transmission, uses a torque converter instead of clutch to manage the link between the transmission and the engine, while a CVT uses a belt instead of a fixed number of gears.
The automated transmission may be derived from a conventional automatic; for instance Mercedes-Benz's AMG SPEEDSHIFT MCT automated transmission is based on the 7G-Tronic manumatic, however the latter's torque converter has been replaced with a wet, multi-plate launch clutch. Other automateds have their roots in a conventional manual; the SMG II drive logic (found in the BMW M3 (E46) is a Getrag 6-speed manual transmission, but with an electro-hydraulically actuated clutch pedal, similar to a Formula One style transmission.
I. Переведите выделенные слова на русский язык. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению, в котором употреблено данное слово. Переведите эти предложения на русский язык.
передача –
рычаг переключения передач –
механическая трансмиссия –
коробка передач –
электронный датчик –
привод –
затор –
переключать скорости –
с ручным и автоматическим управлением –
похожий –
II. Письменно выполните перифраз второго абзаца.
III. Поставьте к тексту пять вопросов разных типов.
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