The Glossary of Electronic Business Terms (стр. 2 )

C

CA – certification authority

Card life cycle

The stages from manufacturing a card to completion of its usage and its destruction.

Cardholder

An authorised card owner.

Case-based personalisation

A process that combines natural language processing and case-based reasoning to retrieve answers to questions using either a decision-tree model or fuzzy logic, and records of past solutions. It is used on help desks, call centers, automated e-mail response systems, or when a user is unsure of the exact item desired (to provide him with a short list of products or services).

Cash and transfer

In a cash-and-transfer payment model a payer issues a check to a payee, who forwards the check directly to payer's bank rather than to his own bank. A payer's bank then initiates an electronic cash transfer through the clearing-house and to payee's bank. Thus the payee communicates directly with the drawer's bank, using Internet connectivity. Although the clearing and settlement are needed in this model, they are needed only once.

CAT – credit authorisation terminal

CEPS – Common Electronic Purse Specifications

Certificate – see digital certificate

Certificate authority (CA) – certification authority

Certificate revocation list (CRL)

List of certificates that have been revoked by the certification authority.

Certification

A declaration by a certification authority of issuing a certificate. See certification authority, digital certificate.

Certification authority (CA)

A trusted third-party organisation or company that issues key pairs and digital certificates used to create digital signatures or certifies amendments to an existing certificate. Certification authorities are a critical component in data security and electronic commerce because they act as trusted third parties, verifying the identity of one entity to another. Usually, this means that the certification authority has an arrangement with a financial institution, such as a credit card company, which provides it with information to confirm a claimed individual's identity. The certification authority guarantees and ascertains the authenticity of a public key either by storing it in a centralised, online database or by distributing it with a certificate, which is basically a copy of the user's public key that has been digitally signed by the certification authority. See key pair, digital certificate, digital signature.

Certification authority certificate

A certificate, which indicates a certification authority as an owner and contains a public key corresponding to a private key used to digitally sign another certificates.

Certification authority disclosure record

An on-line, publicly accessible data that relates to a licensed certification authority and is kept by a governmental entity.

Certification hierarchy

An hierarchical system of certification authorities (certificates) linking one certification authority (certificate) to another, trustworthy certification authority (certificate), and finally to the highest-level, root certification authority (root certificate). See certification, root certification authority, root certificate.

Certification path – see certification hierarchy

Certification practice statement

A declaration of the practices that a certification authority employs in issuing certificates (procedures for reporting compromised keys, support services, and error resolution procedures).

Charge card

A payment card that does not provide automatic credit beyond the invoice date (usually monthly).

Check image interchange

The transmission of digitised images of checks between banks as part of the check clearing process. Currently will be a part of notification from one bank to another when the bank, on which a large check is drawn, decides not to honour the check and to provide its image to the bank, which originally accepted the check, so that fraud or other problems can be rapidly investigated.

Chip card – see smart card

Churn

Churn refers to what happens when a user leaves a service. Most sites, therefore, have tried to develop attractive services to keep visitors coming back, or encourage them to give basic information so they can keep in touch with users.

CI card – see chip card

Clearing

The process of transmitting, reconciling and confirming financial transactions between the Acquirer and the Issuer prior to settlement.

"Click and Mortar": Describes a company with physical outlets as well as an on-line presence for the sale of its products or services.

Click-through ratio (CTR)

The rate at which viewers actually click on banners and go to respective site – whether to get information, to sign up for something, or to make a purchase. The ratio is calculated by dividing the gross number of clicks by the gross number of impressions. It generally ranges from 1 to 3 percent. The higher the CTR, the more effective is the banner. Fees for the Web advertising are sometimes levied on the CTR basis. See impression.

Closed prepaid system

A system where the issuer and acquirer, providing services that can be accessed by the card, are the same party.

Coin – see digital coins

Coinage

A set of digital coins issued by the Mint and designated with the same Coinage Version Number. Each Coinage issued by the Mint is characterised by the expiry dates, the number of coins in the series and the Base Coin Value (the value of the lowest value Coin in any Coinage). See digital coins, mint, coinage version.

Coin(age) expiry date

Each Coinage Version expires according to a phased expiry schedule, which specifies the dates on which all digital coins made in a specified Coinage will loose some of their functionality. See phased expiry schedule, digital coins, coinage version.

Coinage version

A set of digital coins issued by the Mint and designated with the same Coinage Version Number. See digital coins, mint.

Collaborative Commerce (C-Commerce): The collaborative, electronically enabled business interactions among an enterprise's internal personnel, business partners and customers throughout a trading community. The trading community could be an industry, industry segment, supply chain or supply chain segment.

Collaborative filtering

Gathering information on preferences and decisions of other people that have common characteristics with a given person to make recommendations likely to be relevant to that individual. See personalisation.

.com: an Internet only entity. .coms can be created by traditional brick and mortar entities or by independent entities. Examples: , ( is a separate legal entity from the physical book retailer.)

Combi card – see dual interface card

Commerce server

Server application that performs some of the main functions of an online storefront such as product display, online ordering, and inventory management, and works in conjunction with online payment systems to process payments.

Commerce server provider

Company that provides e-business related services such as transaction and payment management, electronic catalogues, and interfaces to other services.

Common Electronic Purse Specifications (CEPS)

Standard promoted by Visa that ensures global compatibility of electronic purse schemes.

Community: A constantly changing group of people collaborating and sharing their ideas over an electronic network (e. g., the Internet). Communities optimize their collective power by affiliation around a common interest, by the compression of the time between member interactions (i. e., communicating in real time), and by asynchronous "postings" which potentially reach more participants and allow for more reflection time than real-time interactions.

Competitive Intelligence (CI): Analysis of an enterprise's marketplace to understand what is happening, what will happen and what it means to the firm. CI business goals may be offensive: to confidently position the firm in the marketplace, to plot a course for future positioning and to allocate short - and long-term resources; or defensive: to know what is happening, what may happen and how to react.

Computationally secure

A cipher that cannot be broken in a reasonable time with available computing resources..

Confirmation service

The ancillary service that aids a certification authority by confirming certain information.

Contact card

Card that makes contact with a reader to receive an electrical power for the visible IC chip embedded in the card and to input/output data.

Contactless card – contactless smart card

Contactless smart card

A smart card with invisible integrated circuit that does not physically connect to a card reader or terminal relying instead on radio frequency transmissions and is usually powered by an integral battery.

Content

Also called a Web content. The structured information contained on a Web site.

Content Provider: A firm whose products are information-based (content), including services to access and manage the content.

Cookie

A "cookie" is a small block of data about the user (the consumer's name, address, etc.) and his visits to the Web site (e. g., information on “shopping basket”, user preferences, previous purchases and payments, etc.). Web server stores it on a user's hard drive to be sent back to the Server whenever the browser makes additional requests to the Server. This communication is invisible to the user. The Server is able to use the information stored in the Cookie to identify users, to customise information that is sent back to the user, to keep a log of particular user’s requests, and for other administrative purposes.

CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture): It can be tough to get computers and software to talk to each other, particularly if the products use different operating systems and architectures. The OMG's (Object Management Group) CORBA standard, established in 1991, provides a set of common interfaces through which object-oriented software can communicate, regardless of computer platform.

.corp: a bricks and mortar AND Internet entity operating together/in parallel. .corps are usually created by traditional brick and mortar entities as a response to on-line retailers. Example: The Gap and .

Cost per click (CPC)

The payment scheme, according to which charges for Web advertising depend only on the number of actual click-throughs on the banner ad, rather than on the number of its impressions.

Cost per lead

The payment scheme, according to which charges for Web advertising depend on the number of viewers that have registered or submitted personal information.

Cost per mil (CPM) – see cost per thousand impressions

Cost per sale (CPS)

The payment scheme, according to which charges for Web advertising depend on the number of sales resulting from an ad.

Cost per thousand impressions (CPM)

The cost for buying thousand impressions of banner advertisement on a Web site.

Cost per visit (CPV)

The payment scheme, according to which charges for Web advertising depend on the number of persons that have visited the advertiser's Web site by clicking a banner.

CPC – cost per click

CPM – cost per mil

CPS – cost per sale

CPV – cost per visit

Credit authorisation terminal (CAT)

A device placed in a merchant location to authorise, record and forward each transaction data by electronic means.

Credit card

A card indicating that the cardholder has been granted a line of credit with the Issuer. It enables the cardholder to make purchases and/or withdraw cash up to a prearranged ceiling; the credit granted can be settled in full by the end of a specified period or can be settled in part, with the balance taken as extended credit. Interest is charged on the amount of any extended and the holder is sometimes charged an annual fee.

CRL – certificate revocation list

Cross certification

The process whereby two distinct certification authorities cross certify each other and allow certificates issued by one certification authority to be used by holders of certificates from the other. See certification authority.

Cross-selling

Automatic offering of additional products when a buyer puts specific products in his shopping basket.

Cryptographic key

A parameter that determines conversion of plain data to encrypted data and vice versa. The longer the key (the number of its bits), the harder it is to decode the encrypted message through "brute force".

Cryptography

The art, science and technology of transforming confidential information to make it unintelligible to parties not authorised to know it. Only those who possess a secret key can decipher (decrypt) the message into plain text.

CTR – click-through ratio

Currency

All electronic cash money is denoted in a currency. The currency might be real money (the US dollar, or the Russian Rouble), or its equivalent (precious metals, stocks, or any other trading items). Each electronic currency is defined by a unique Currency ID.

Customer profile – see profile

Customer Relationship Management (CRM): A technology-enabled strategy to convert data-driven decisions into business actions in response to, and in anticipation of, actual customer behavior. From a technology perspective, CRM represents the systems and infrastructure required to capture, analyze and share all facets of the customer's relationship with the enterprise. From a strategy perspective, it represents a process to measure and allocate organizational resources to those activities that have the greatest return and impact on profitable customer relationships.

CyberCash

An integrated electronic-payment system developed by CyberCash Inc., used by commerce servers to verify credit cards and process payments online. Customers are authorised and approved for payment before fulfilment of the order, thus obtaining immediate access to a product (e. g., software and online services) once payment has been received. There is no need for costly credit card approval equipment, and the funds are transferred on the Internet using advanced encryption technology to ensure a secure transaction.

CyberCoin

A micropayment instrument developed by CyberCash Inc.. CyberCoin payments are private but not anonymous. A key benefit of CyberCoin is that while the purchaser has a record of each purchase, the merchant does not know who the customer was. See digital coins.

CyberMall – see electronic mall

Cybermarketing

Marketing performed in Internet by using Web sites, targeted e-mail, push technologies, and bulletin boards.

Cybermediary

An individual or organisation, who charges a fee for negotiating or conducting transactions over the Internet without taking ownership of the goods or services sold. Prime examples of these cybermediaries are real estate and insurance brokers doing business over the Internet. Also see Internet Transaction Broker.

Cybersourcing

Network-based process of outsourcing business services and processes.

Cyberspace

This term was originated by William Gibson in his novel “Neuromancer”. Currently, the word "cyberspace" is used to describe the virtual space where humans interact over computer networks (the Internet is often referred to as Cyberspace). It also refers to the whole range of information resources that are available through networked computer systems.

CyberWallet

A technology developed by V-ONE Corporation to enable secure transactions over networks. It is based on Secure Transaction Channel technology and use of Web browsers. See electronic wallet.

D

Data encryption standard (DES)

A widely used method of symmetrical encryption using a single secret key. For additional security, many organisation use “triple DES”, which applies three keys in succession. See symmetric cryptography, secret key.