The Glossary of Electronic Business Terms (стр. 4 )

Electronic Funds Transfer at the Point-of-Sale (EFT-POS)

The automatic transfer of funds from a consumer's account to the retailer's account, by using a debit card at a retail point of sale.

Electronic mall

Also called "virtual mall", "CyberMall". A Web site providing access to a number of retailers through electronic shopfronts. Visitors may fill electronic basket at different retailers and pay for goods with a single payment. See also electronic shopfront.

"CyberMall. A Web site that maintains catalogs from multiple suppliers. Buyers enter the site, view many suppliers at once and purchase products or services. E-malls often charge a fee for tenancy or membership, may take title to the goods themselves, and are selling environments based on traditional notions of print and Electronic marketplace

A virtual community of suppliers and buyers linked by information technology infrastructure.broadcast advertising that entice visitors to buy.

E-Market Maker: Intermediaries that develop a B2B e-marketplace of buyers and sellers within an industry, geographic region or affinity group. They enter supply chains introducing new efficiencies and new ways of selling and purchasing products and services by providing content, value-added services, and often e-commerce capabilities. They are generally managed by a third party within a trading community.

E-Marketplace: A Web site that enables buyers to select from many suppliers. E-marketplaces — which focus on putting the buyer in control — are buying environments that aggregate supplier content and provide decision support tools that enable a buyer to make the most informed decision.

Electronic money

Monetary value purchased by the consumer, stored in electronic form on an consumer’s electronic device and reduced whenever the consumer uses the device to make purchases. Electronic money, in contrast with debit or credit cards, is anonymous and does not require online authorisation or debiting of the consumer’s bank account after the transaction. There are two different types of electronic tools: prepaid cards and prepaid software products. With prepaid cards, the electronic value is stored on an integrated circuit embedded in the card and value is typically transferred by inserting the card in a card reader. With software products, the electronic value is stored on the hard disk of a computer and is transferred over communication networks such as the Internet when payments are made. See also electronic cash.

Electronic payment handling (EPH)

Usually performed by automatic clearing houses.

Electronic payment system

A scheme that allows customers to pay electronically, e. electronic cash, electronic checking, and electronic card transactions. See electronic cash, electronic checking, lockbox, cash and transfer, FEDI, micropayment, NetBill, CyberCash, CyberCoin.

Electronic procurement

The use of the Internet and corporate intranets to automate and integrate the entire procurement process (requisition, approval, ordering, payment, delivery, and receipt). Also known as electronic purchasing.

Electronic purchasing – see electronic procurement

Electronic purse

A reloadable multipurpose prepaid card with cash stored electronically on a microchip, which may be used to buy a range of goods and services. It allows the safe transfer of value to another electronic purse.

Electronic reengineering

Redesign of business processes based on paperless information technologies.

Electronic services delivery

Provision of services with the assistance of telecommunications and information technologies.

Electronic shop

A Web-site providing a catalogue of products, a virtual "shopping basket", and payment instruments.

Electronic shopfront

A virtual shopfront on the World Wide Web that can provide information about the merchant and products, has ordering capabilities, and ensures a secure transfer and processing of payment data, and, in some cases, has order fulfilment capabilities (e. g., in case of electronic selling of information and software).

Electronic signature

An electronic identifier (letters, characters, numbers, or other symbols in digital form) that is an electronic equivalent of a written signature, attached to or logically associated with an electronic record to authenticate it. The electronic signature is more general than a digital signature as it may include digitised images ofpaper- paper-based signatures, etc. See also digital signature.

Electronic software distribution (ESD)

A system for selling software (or providing it for a trial before purchasing) over the Internet or on a direct modem-to-modem connection. ESD systems provide secure communications that customers use to download software and to pay for it.

Electronic teleshopping

Online shopping performed by using personal computers and the Internet.

Electronic wallet

A protected mechanism, also called a "virtual wallet", that provides a convenient and secure way for consumers to store in an encrypted form and to use a collection of customer data (their credit card, payment, billing, and identification information), necessary for completing electronic commerce transactions. In its simplest form, the wallet contains customer account information, that is, payment-card numbers for different accounts. More complex wallets, for example the SET wallet, also contain the customer's private key and third-party certification data. Typically, information in the wallet is encrypted and is persistent from session to session. During his shopping a customer needs to access the electronic wallet, like a regular, physical wallet. When a customer goes to an online store, he clicks a button to initiate a credit card payment via a secure transaction enabled by the electronic wallet company's server. A Web store that supports an electronic wallet can extract the necessary payment information from the wallet, eliminating the need for the consumer to re-enter the data. There are different kinds of electronic wallets distinguished by their location: site ("thin") wallets, distributed wallets, remote or server-side wallets, personal wallets. The major browser vendors now support electronic wallet technology on their browsers. Electronic wallets include: 1. BlueMoney Software’s BlueMoney Network Wallet; 2. CyberCash’s CyberCash Wallet; 3. GlobeSet’s GlobeSet Wallet; 4. IBM’s CommercePoint Wallet; 5. Microsoft’s Microsoft Wallet; 6. VeriFone’s vWALLET. See site wallet, distributed wallet, remote wallet, personal wallet.

e-money – electronic money

emm@

A tool developed by PricewaterhouseCoopers to perform diagnostic review of client's e-business and to provide recommendations based on known best practices.

Employee Self-Service (ESS): Electronic services for employees to access or edit information previously controlled by an internal support staff. Examples are procurement (ordering supplies) or human resources (training registration or update of benefit choices).

Encryption

Use of algorithms, keys, and/or other techniques to translate content into a secure, unreadable form and thus to protect information against unauthorised use by. The authorised person possesses the key and recovers the original text by the reverse process, decryption. See encryption algorithm.

Encryption algorithm

An algorithm that transforms information, using a key (a binary number from 40 to 128 bits in length for symmetric systems or 512 to 2,048 bits or more for asymmetric systems) into a coded equivalent to make it unintelligible to unauthorised parties. The authorised receiver has a key to recover the original information. The effort required to decode the encrypted text into the original data without knowledge of the key ("breaking" or "cracking" the encryption) depends on the complexity of the algorithm and the key length. Two types of algorithms are currently in use: asymmetrical and symmetrical. In a asymmetrical algorithm there are two different keys: a public key that the sender uses to encrypt the data and a private key used by the receiver of a message to decrypt the data. This is more secure because it reduces the risk of reversibility. In a symmetrical algorithm, these two keys are the same, which causes insecurity. The most commonly used symmetric-key algorithms are the Data Encryption Standard (DES), the International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), or Triple-DES. The most commonly used public-key algorithms are RSA and Pretty Good Privacy (PGP). See key, asymmetrical cryptosystem, symmetrical cryptography.

EPH – electronic payment handling

ESD – electronic software distribution

Expired coins

Coins, which have passed their pre-determined expiration date and will be automatically or manually exchanged for fresh coins.

Explicit profiling

Obtaining user profile data by a system through a registration process or surveys.

Extended enterprise

Business partners linked by extranet into an integrated supply chain to facilitate implementation of electronic business and to enhance responsiveness. See also extranet.

eXtensible Markup Language (XML)

A SGML-based structured language used to describe content of Web documents.

Extranet

The extension of a closed corporate intranet to link customers, suppliers, subcontractors, business partners and others outside the organisation who have a need for selective information from the organisation. It is not accessible to the Internet users at large and may have security devices such as passwords for a user to gain access to more sensitive information. See also extended enterprise, intranet.

F

FEDI – Financial electronic data interchange

File transfer protocol (FTP)

Standard Internet protocol to transfer files to and from computers.

Financial electronic data interchange (FEDI)

A business-to-business payment system.

Floor limit

Monetary limit for transactions given to a merchant by its acquirer above which authorisation must be obtained.

Forge

With respect to a digital signature, (a) to create a digital signature without the authorisation of the rightful holder of the private key; or (b) to create a digital signature verifiable by a certificate listing as an owner a person who either: (1) does not exist; or (2) does not hold the private key corresponding to the public key listed in the certificate.

Frequency

In particular, the number of times a person gets a message.

Frictionless Commerce/Frictionless Economy: According to theory, the Internet is a nearly perfect market because information is instantaneous and buyers can compare the offerings of sellers worldwide. The result is fierce price competition, dwindling product differentiation, and vanishing brand loyalty. Real world evidence casts doubts on the validity of this theory. Positive Feedback Markets, Demand Side and Supply Side Economies of Scale, and Lock In and Switching Costs are concepts that rebut the notion of Frictionless Commerce.

FTP – File transfer protocol

Functional Hub: A B2B hub focusing on a specific business function or process across industries. Functional hubs focus on MRO purchasing, employee benefits administration, logistics, etc. and provide deep process or functional expertise for customers.

G

Gateway – шлюз

A computer that serves as an interface between incompatible kinds of networks, network segments or applications, and converts codes and protocols enabling data exchange between computers.

Groupware

Software applications that facilitate shared work on documents and information in a distributed computer network.

H

Hash function

An algorithm mapping or translating one record into another, generally a smaller one (the hash code, or hash value).

Hierarchy of trust

Also called “Network of trust”, “Web of trust”. See also certification hierarchy.

Hit

(1) A single request from a Web browser for a single item from a Web server. (2) Successful result of a data search or request. See click-through ratio, impression.

Hit count

Number of an Internet browser requests to an Internet server that is necessary to display a Web page. This number of hits is useful for network managers (to help balance a network capacity with a network load), Web site managers and owners, and marketers, as it can be a measure of the load and the Web page popularity. It is important to note that this statistical information can be misleading as it includes reloads, accesses to different images on a single page and returns to the page after using its hyperlinks. The page document itself, the various images on the page, any other media files embedded there – each of these items require a separate hit (to display a Web page containing 2 images, 3 hits must occur at the server: the first – to access the HTML page and each of the other two hits – to access the images). The more images are used in a page, the higher is the hit count. So hits may be a good indication of poor page design, but they won't tell much about traffic and the actual load on a machine from 1 hit is almost impossible to define. Many people and most 'hit counters' use the term hit to mean hits on the Web page only, not the calls to graphics or other supporting files that come with the page. See click-through ratio, impression.

Holdback: A portion of the revenue from a merchant's credit card transactions, held in reserve by the merchant account provider to cover possible disputed charges, chargeback fees, and other expenses. After a predetermined time, holdbacks are turned over to the merchant. Note: Merchant account providers almost never pay interest on holdbacks.

Home page

The introductory page of a Web site for individuals, organisations, or Web communities that contains the site's name and a menu.

Hotlink – see hyperlink

HTML document

A document written in HyperText Markup Language.

Hub: An electronic marketplace facilitating e commerce by aggregating buyers and sellers and acting as the transaction intermediary.

Hub partner

A central trading partner (either a buyer or supplier). See spoke partner.

Hybrid Business: A brick-and-mortar business that has responded to Internet threats by creating a Web front end with links to back-end systems; or a (virtual company) that is creating traditional infrastructure, such as a warehouse and logistics system, to meet customer expectations.

Hybrid card

A card, which uses different card technologies, e. g. a magnetic stripe and a chip.

Hybrid EDI

A data exchange system where only some partners are capable of using EDI, while the other continue to use traditional methods based on paper documents, or a system integrating advanced EDI system with a more traditional one connected through an EDI Gateway. See also EDI Gateway.

Hyperlink

Also called a link, or a hotlink. An active connection from some point in one hypertext document to another place in the same document, or some point in another document, or some Web page, or some location in a Web page, or some file, or other Internet resource. When the link is selected the appropriate item is presented to the user.

Hypermedia

Combination of texts, pictures, videos, and audio on a Web page.

Hypertext

A form of text, which includes visible links to other documents or their parts, that can be chosen by a reader to retrieve and display the required information.

I

ICC – integrated circuit card

I card – integrated circuit card

IKP – Internet Keyed Payment

Implicit profiling

Generation of user (consumer) profile on the basis of his choices or behaviour while using a browser.

Impression

Demonstration of a banner or a Web page to a user.

Impression count

The number of times a Web site visitor sees a Web page or advertising banner. It is used as a measure of site activity or as a basis for charging an advertiser (the advertising spaces are usually sold in blocks of thousands of impressions). As it is almost impossible to verify that someone actually saw a particular advertisement on the Web, the impression count does not guarantee that the advertisement has actually reached this number of people. See also hit count.

Independent Service Organization (ISO): A firm or organization that offers to process online credit card transactions, usually in exchange for transaction fees or a percentage of sales. Merchants must generally establish a merchant account before contracting for ISO services, although some ISOs claim not to require separate merchant accounts.