The Glossary of Electronic Business Terms (стр. 5 )

Infomediary

An intermediary that gathers, processes, stores and sends information on individuals (e. g., customers), organisations (e. g. suppliers or buyers), industries, products, services or other activities and presents it to selected third-parties.

Infoware

Information that can be purchased electronically.

Integrated circuit card (ICC) – see smart card

Integrity – see data integrity

Intellectual Assets: Intangible assets including employees' knowledge; data and information about processes, experts, products, customers and competitors; brand names and image; and intellectual property, such as patented, trademarked or copyrighted materials and regulatory licenses.

Interactive Relationship Managers (IRM): Infomediaries that collect user data based on surfing habits of ISP customers and tailor marketing/promotional programs according to what those customers might like or need.

Internet

The open interconnected world-wide network of computer networks and gateways that uses Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol to provide an access to remote information, an exchange of information between computers, and other distributed services.

Internet access

A service that enables users to access a content, information, electronic mail, or other services offered over the Internet.

Internet access provider

An entity engaged in the business of providing a computer and communications facility, through which a customer may obtain access to the Internet.

Internet access service

A service that enables users to access a content, information, electronic mail, or other services offered over the Internet.

Internet commerce

All commercial activities on the Internet that ranges from selling and buying products and services at a Web store to corporate Internet transactions with trading partners. Internet commerce is narrower than electronic commerce, which covers all electronic commercial activities. See electronic commerce.

Internet keyed payment (IKP)

A group of secure payment protocols created by IBM that supports Internet transactions involving up to three parties. The IKP supports a wide variety of payment methods, requires the provision of public keys by a certification authority but does not provide encryption (though supports other protocols which do), is independent of specific browsers and servers, and exportable.

Internet Sales Outlet (ISO): A third-party Web site that attracts visitors looking to buy goods or services. ISOs make money by selling links or ads that lead directly to the merchant Web sites, or by selling products or services on behalf of Web merchants.

Internet service provider

Company that provides with connection to the Internet and Internet services.

Internet transaction broker (ITB)

An alternative term for cybermediary introduced by Forrestor Research.

Internetworking

Using the Internet to conduct business.

Interoperability

The ability of various types of computers and programs to work together.

Intranet

An intracorporate network using Internet technologies and standards (Web browsers, search engines, TCP/IP, FTP, HTML, etc.) to provide convenient information access for company employees. May be used for access to corporate documents, phone directories, and employee information, software distribution, employee training, etc. It is generally closed to the outside world and accessible to organisation members only. An intranet typically has three features lacking on the Internet: speed, security and control. See also extranet.

Issuing Bank: The bank that maintains the consumer's credit card account and must pay out to the merchant's account in a credit card purchase. The issuing bank then bills the customer for the debt.

Issue of a certificate

Act of a certification authority in creating a certificate and notifying the subscriber listed in the certificate of its contents.

ITB – Internet transaction broker

J

Java: A programming language frequently used on Web sites. Some Java programs, or "applets" are downloaded from the Web server to the visitor's own computer, which then runs them. This distinguishes Java programs from other Web programming languages, such as PERL, that reside and run on the Web server (only the results are downloaded to the visitor's computer).

JEPI – Joint Electronic Payments Interface

Joint Electronic Payments Interface (JEPI)

An Internet payment standard proposed by CommerceNet and the W3 Consortium that ensures data security and interoperability between various payment schemes.

JPEG (or JPG): A file format used for storing graphic images, usually photographs. JPEG files are larger than GIFs of the same image but offer better color control and clarity. See also GIF.

K

Key

A parameter used in conjunction with a cryptographic algorithm to encrypt and decrypt data.

Key length

A number of bits that the key contains. It characterises how secure an encryption key is. The longer the key, the more uncrackable it is.

Key holder

A person who is able to use a key.

Key library

A set of encrypted keys belonging to one person or shared by a defined group of people. See key and key management.

Key management

Providing cryptographic keys to authorised communicating parties and secure key maintenance until they are destroyed.

Key pair

A private key and its corresponding public key in an asymmetric cryptosystem.

Knowledge Management (KM): A business process that formalizes management and leverage of a firm's intellectual assets. KM is an enterprise discipline that promotes a collaborative and integrative approach to the creation, capture, organization, access and use of information assets, including the tacit, uncaptured knowledge of people.

L

Link

The same as hyperlink.

Loading

The transfer of funds from a deposit bank account to an online account.

Lockbox

The lockbox model of payment is aimed to improve cash management for the payee. Rather than accumulating and forwarding checks to his bank after some period of time, payee arranges for his bank to receive the checks directly and handle them immediately. The term lockbox originally referred to the technique of establishing local repositories for paper checks to decrease their time in transit.

M

Mail Order / Telephone Order Discount Rate (MOTO Discount Rate): The discount rate charged by the merchant account provider for credit card transaction in which the actual credit card was not available to the merchant. MOTO discount rates are generally higher than swipe discount rates to account for the increased chance of fraud or nonpayment.

Maintenance, Repair and Operations (MRO): The activities and material purchased to support activities associated with the operation and repair of any facility, equipment or panies enter into contracts with functional hubs to outsource MRO procurement.

Marketspace

The term is used to distinguish the virtual market in which electronic commerce is conducted, from conventional, physical marketplaces. This working environment is based on complex of telecommunication services and tools, and the underlying information infrastructure.

Market of One: Continuous customization of the content, services and interactions with a customer to deliver exactly what he or she needs and to create the sense that he or she is a market of one.

Market Spoilers or Market Killers: Web-based businesses that aggregate information about a market and its suppliers, present the aggregated information to consumers via a Web site, and increasingly offer decision support to allow customers to differentiate based on independent validation of competitors’ services and features. These businesses diminish the advantage of suppliers that compete through brand identity or reputation.

Matchmakers: Web sites that refer a buyer to a Web merchant willing to sell a good or service at the price specified by the buyer.

MAP (Merchant Account Provider): A bank or other institution that hosts merchant accounts and processes online credit card transactions. The term is also often used broadly to include any credit card processing service, including ISOs.

Memory card

A card with a chip, which has a simple logic and a non-volatile read-only or programmable (with updatable information) memory. See smart card.

Merchant Account: A bank account established by a merchant to receive the proceeds of credit card establishing a merchant account, the merchant bank agrees to pay the merchant for valid credit card purchases in exchange for the right to collect on the debt owed by the consumer.

Merchant Bank: A bank that holds a merchant account. After a consumer buys a product using a credit card, the merchant bank places funds into a merchant account in exchange for the right to collect on the debt owed by a consumer. See also merchant account provider.

Merchant server

A software package that provides a full range of services for electronic commerce and includes: catalog database, search engine, electronic storefront, customer ordering interface (shopping basket), secure links to multiple payment systems and shipment/fulfilment system. The server carries out user identification; provides secure storage and transmittal of customer financial information; computes sales tax, postage, handling and shipping charges, checks credit, presents an invoice, processes secure payments, accepts electronic cash, cheques and other payment mechanisms, initiates order fulfilment.

Merchant Services Provider: A bank, ISO, or other firm that provides services for processing financial transactions, usually credit card sales. Many MSPs provide merchant accounts, while others require their clients to establish merchant accounts on their own. Some MSPs claim that they do not require merchant accounts; this may indicate factoring, which is illegal in many areas. See also holdback.

Message digest

The message text transformed into a single string of digits, by using a hash function. It is used to create a digital signature. See also digital signature, hash function, secure hash code.

Microcash

A form of electronic currency. As the electronic currency is strictly numerical there are no denominations, and thus amount of transaction can be expressed even in fractions of a cent (or another currency).

Micropayment – see micropayment system

Micropayment system

Payment scheme for small value transactions, usually under $10 and possibly under $1. Micropayment systems are best used for low-cost electronic products, such as games, software, news and literature, music, and graphics. The cost of a payment-card or check transaction commonly makes it uneconomic for amounts of less than $5.00, so other payment types are favoured. Micropayments let content providers charge very small fees (e. g., some fraction of a cent) for access to a site or other electronic information. The aggregated payments are then deducted from a user's electronic cash account or credit card. The most common way to provide for micropayments is with a digital cash. Examples of micropayment systems are: 1. CyberCash’s CyberCoins; 2. DigiCash’s Ecash; 3. Digital Equipment Corp.’s Millicent; and 4. Outreach Communications’ CyberCents. See also digital cash, digital coins.

Micro-Marketplace (MM): A narrowly focused market that aggregates multiple vendor offerings, content and value-added services (such as comparison of features) to enable buyers within a particular industry, geographic region or affinity group to make informed purchasing decisions.

Microprocessor card – see chip card

Mint

The computer and its electronic cash software used by an Issuer to produce electronic coins. See bank.

Multi-application card

A smart card that combines different functions such as electronic purse, ID, telephone, driver's license, etc.

Multicasting

Delivery of the same data to many recipients without sending it separately to each recipient.

Multipurpose prepaid card

A prepaid card which can be used for a wide range of purposes.

N

NetBill

A micropayment system with currently the most elaborate security. The unique identifiers keep the purchaser from being double-billed. Security system uses symmetric cryptography with a single secret key known only by the sender and recipient.

Netcasting

The broadcasting of information over the network by using the push technology. Generally limited to webcasting. See also push technology.

Netizen

Derived from the term "citizen", this term refers to an Internet user, or someone who uses networked resources.

Network of trust

Also called “Hierarchy of trust”, “Web of trust”. See also certification hierarchy.

Non-repudiation

Providing strong and substantial evidence of the identity of the signer of a message and of message integrity, to prevent a party from successfully denying the origin, submission or delivery of the message and the integrity of its contents. It ensures that neither party can repudiate an agreement, an order or a commitment made.

O

OCF – Open Card Framework

Offline

The term pertains to a device or function that is not electronically connected to the main device or network.

OFX – Open Financial Exchange

Online

The term may refer to direct access by a user to electronic services or information (usually in real time) through a computer, computer network or electronic terminals.

Online banking

Providing electronic banking services from a commercial online service or over a public network such as the Internet.

On-line retailing

An on-line interactive service (e. g., American Online, Star Text, Genie, CompuServe, Prodigy and Flashnet). Advertisers provide brochures, ticket sales, and on-line purchase capabilities. Shoppers can order their product by viewing its picture and electronically transfer the proper amount of money via bank account to retailer. Small purchases may be delivered to the residence or office by a delivery service.

Open Buying on the Internet (OBI)

The standard designed for unifying communication among different electronic commerce systems for high-volume for business-to-business transactions relating to low-value products. The OBI standard was developed by the Internet Purchasing Roundtable and released by the OBI Consortium of more than 60 members. It is backed by leading technology companies such as Actra, InteliSys, Microsoft, Open Market, and Oracle. The OBI architecture can be viewed as the interaction of four entities: requisitioner, buying organisation, selling organisation, and payment authority, each being responsible for information associated with its business processes.