The Glossary of Electronic Business Terms (стр. 3 )

Data integrity

The data integrity is ensured, if stored, processed or transmitted data cannot be altered or destroyed, either maliciously or by accident.

Debit card

A card enabling the cardholder to have purchases directly charged to funds on his direct deposit account and credited to the merchant.

Decryption

Recovery of original meaningful form of crypted information by means of an algorithm, key, or other standard.

Demand Aggregators: A term used to describe operators who ‘collect’ demand from consumers for a particular item. (airline tickets, hotel rooms, etc.) and (advertising space) are examples. These companies allow consumers to obtain discounts to market prices and allow sellers to sell what might otherwise go unsold and ‘see’ the latent demand for their goods/services that exists below the established price points.

Denomination

The integer value of a coin, expressed in the currency fractions.

Deposit access card

Type of payment card, often called a debit card. The money to pay for each transaction made on a deposit access card is taken from the cardholder’s current or deposit account either immediately or within a specified period of time.

DES – data encryption standard

Digital cash – see electronic cash

Digital Cash: A system that allows a person to pay for goods or services by transmitting a number from one computer to another. Like the serial numbers on real dollar bills, the digital cash numbers are unique. Each one is issued by a bank and represents a specified sum of real money. One of the key features of digital cash is that, like real cash, it is anonymous and reusable. That is, when a digital cash amount is sent from a buyer to a vendor, there is no way to obtain information about the buyer. This is one of the key differences between digital cash and credit card systems. Another key difference is that a digital cash certificate can be reused.

Digital certificate

Generally, a digital mechanism for proving the genuineness of a document or signature. A computer-based record which: (1) identifies the certification authority issuing it; (2) names or identifies its owner; (3) contains the owner’s public key; (4) is digitally signed by the certification authority issuing or amending it, (5) conforms to widely-used industry standards, and (6) indicates validity period. The certificates that have been withdrawn, cancelled, or compromised or that should not be trusted for other specified reasons are included on a certificate revocation list (CRL). Digital Certificates are issued, managed, and verified by trusted third-parties, Certification Authorities. An individual wishing to send an encrypted message applies for a digital certificate from a Certification authority (CA). He will need to provide answers to some questions that only he can answer (e. g., mother's maiden name). Once his bank confirms this personal information, the Certification authority issues an encrypted digital certificate containing the applicant's public key and a variety of other identification information. The certification authority vouches for the authenticity of a public key by storing it in a centralised, online database or by distributing it with a certificate. The Certification authority makes its own public key readily available, perhaps on the Internet. The recipient of an encrypted message uses the Certification authority's public key to decode the digital certificate attached to the message, verifies it as issued by the Certification authority and then obtains the sender's public key and identification information held within the certificate. With this information, the recipient can send an encrypted reply. The most widely used standard for digital certificates is X.509. See also certification authority, revoke, certificate revocation list.

Digital certification authority – see certification authority, digital certificate

Digital coins

Digital equivalents of a traditional coins and similar in that they have a specified value, are pre-authorised for instant transactions and are also anonymous, unlike credit cards. This form of electronic payment allows buyers to purchase items in small denominations. Unlike traditional coinage, the digital coins, once received by the merchant, cannot be passed directly to a third party, but have to be deposited at the Mint first. Digital coins are used in Ecash – developed by DigiCash, and in NetCash – developed at the University of Southern California.

Digital goods and services

Goods and services that can be delivered using the information technology infrastructure.

Digital ID – see also digital certificate

Digital money

A term for the various electronic payment instruments on the Internet..

Digital purse – see electronic purse

Digital signature

A digital code created by computer that allows the receiver of a digitally signed electronic message to authenticate the sender and verify the integrity of the message. The use of a digital signature has the same force and effect as a hand-written signature if and only if: (1) it is unique to the person using it; (2) it is capable of verification; (3) it is under the sole control of the person using it;it (4) it is linked to data in such a manner that if the data are changed, the digital signature is invalidated. Digital signatures are especially important for electronic commerce and are a key component of most authentication schemes. A common form of digital signatures is a digital certificate. The digital signature is considered to have legal force if: (a) that digital signature is verified by reference to the public key listed in a valid certificate issued by a licensed certification authority; (b) that digital signature was affixed by the signer with the intention of signing the message; and (c) the recipient has no knowledge or notice that the signer either: (1) breached a duty as a owner; or (2) does not rightfully hold the private key used to affix the digital signature. To be effective, digital signatures must be unforgeable. There are a number of different encryption techniques (e. g., asymmetric cryptosystem) to guarantee this level of security. A digital signature is established by creating a message digest (a condensed contents of an electronic message), usually by applying secure hash functions, which then is encrypted with the sender's private key using an asymmetric encryption. A recipient decrypts the digital signature with the sender's public key and computes message digest using the same process as a sender to verify that the digest was encrypted using the corresponding private key and thus to determine whether the message has been altered. Because the public-key encryption algorithm ensures that only the public key can decrypt a digest encrypted with the corresponding private key, this process establishes that only the holder of the private key could have created the digitally signed message. It is computationally infeasible to find modifications to the input data that would generate a hash value identical to the original. Therefore, if someone sends a file and a hash value generated from the file, and if the recipient runs the same hash algorithm and gets the same result, both parties can be nearly certain the file was received intact. Digital signatures by themselves do not provide non-non-repudiation. They merely prove that a given message came from the holder of a given private key, unauthorised or not. Identity of the message signer is certified by a certification authority, which checks the credentials of the key holder before signing the holder's public key with the certification authority's certificate. See also authentication, electronic signature, digital certificate, asymmetric cryptosystem, private key, public key, message digest, hash function, secure hash code, non-repudiation.

repudiation.

Digital Signature Standard (DSS)

The U. S. government cryptographic standard for authenticating electronic documents.

Digital timestamp

Signing of a document by an independent third party to certify that a particular document existed in a particular state at a particular time.

Digital wallet – see electronic wallet

Digital Wallet: A digital token downloaded and stored on a PC used by a consumer during Internet shopping. Using the token during a buying process initiates a customer profile download (credit card information, the shipping and billing addresses, etc) into the purchase form as well as creating a record of information about the transaction. For consumers, the initial value proposition behind the wallet is to make it ease of transaction by putting an end to filling out forms. Advanced uses of the wallet include storing shopper preferences, alerting the consumer to special offers, alerting the consumer to better pricing for an item at another site, alerting the consumer his car is in need of an oil change, etc.

Direct storefront entry

A capability to open a catalogue page of an Internet shop without visiting the shop itself.

Discount Rate: A percentage fee paid to the merchant account provider or ISO (independent service organization) for handling an electronic transaction. Most Web merchants pay between two and 10 percent of their revenue from online credit card or electronic check orders.

Disintermediation

Removing middlemen from the value chain for providing direct interaction between sellers and consumers across the World Wide Web.

Distributed wallet

In the distributed wallet information is distributed between the customer's access device and a Web site.

Domain Name: A unique identifier for an Internet site which consists of at least two (but sometimes more) parts separated by periods (e. g., http://www.). Enterprises must register top-level domains with the Web Internet Registry and pay a yearly fee to maintain the registry.

Download

To copy data from a main source to a peripheral device (e. g., from a central to a remote computer or from a file server to a personal computer).

DSS – Digital Signature Standard

Dual factor authentication

Combined use of two authentication methods to provide a higher level of security. See authentication.

Dual interface card

A card that has both contact and contactless interfaces and thus provides a greater speed, convenience, and security, and supports multiple applications.

E

e-cash – electronic cash

E-check – electronic check

eCRM – electronic customer relations management

EDA – electronic document authorisation

EDI – electronic data interchange

EDI gateway

Software and hardware complex that serves as a company entrance and exit for exchanging EDI data.

EDI translator

Application software that translates data from EDI format into a format readable by systems, which do not support EDI, and vice versa. Also see electronic data interchange.

EDIFACT – Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport

EFT – electronic fund transfer

EFT-POS – Electronic Funds Transfer at the Point-of-Sale

Electronic bank – virtual bank

Electronic bill delivery

A system developed by Visa Interactive, which enables banks to electronically deliver bills to consumers through the consumer's PC or telephones.

Electronic bill payment – see electronic checking

Electronic bill presentment

The distribution of bills and invoices to customers over the Internet to reduce the cost of sending a bill or of handling payment receipts. Electronic bill presentment services commonly are paired with appropriate electronic payment schemes. There are three basic models for electronic bill presentment and payment: biller direct, consolidator, and the e-mail approach.

Electronic business

Improving business performance by providing electronic interaction between business partners to establish an integrated value chain. E-business is far more comprehensive than e-commerce that involves only buying and selling.

Electronic business assurance

Assurance of service availability, security, privacy, adherence to disclosed business practices, and quality of business processes.

Electronic cash

The same as digital cash and e-cash. The electronic equivalent of currency has no real physical properties, but can be passed along from person to person like cash and allows a person to pay for goods or services by transmitting an electronic equivalent of real cash from one computer to another. One of the key differences between digital cash and credit card is that, just like real cash, the digital cash is anonymous, reusable and provides an immediate payment – not a promise to pay later. There is no need to authorise and process each transaction, so the transaction is less expensive to execute. Therefore, digital cash is a convenient mechanism for small online purchases, not economically feasible with e-e-check or electronic credit-card payment. Besides, when a digital cash amount is sent from a buyer to a vendor, there is no way to obtain information about the buyer who may be reluctant to disclose an electronic record created for every purchase made online. Electronic cash, like real bills, is issued by a bank and represents a specified sum of real money. To obtain electronic cash, a customer must have an account at the bank. When he applies for electronic cash, a token is created that contains a monetary value with a unique serial number like the serial number on a real bill. Users purchase digital cash either with a credit card or by transferring funds from a bank account. Digital cash is downloaded from a bank or broker into users’ computer or on portable devices such as a smart card, hardware based electronic wallets and purses, and the money is withdrawn from user's account. The customer transfers the electronic cash to the vendor to pay for a product or service, and the vendor deposits the cash number in any participating bank or retransmits it to another vendor. For large purchases, the vendor can check the validity of a cash number by contacting the issuing bank. Some companies that provide this form of currency are CyberCash and DigiCash.

Electronic Catalog (E-Catalog): An aggregation mechanism that presents goods or services for sale and enables users to buy goods or services in electronic marketplaces.

Electronic check

A demand for payment sent electronically over a network by a buyer to a seller and then on over a network to the seller's bank and thence to the buyer's bank to authorise a funds transfer from the payer's account to the account of the payee. The other models, used for electronic check handling, are: cash and transfer, lockbox, and checks used with bill presentment systems.

Electronic checking

The electronic version of paper-based checking, sometimes called "electronic bill payment". A consumer uses the Internet to authorise a transfer of funds from a checking account for payment of a bill or charge. See electronic check.

Electronic commerce

Marketing, offering, selling, leasing, licensing, or delivery of goods, services, or information via computer networks or Internet. In simplest form of the e-commerce a static Web site is used providing with company information, an e-mail address, an online catalogue and a toll-free telephone number for calling in orders. A comprehensive e-commerce site lets customers actually buy goods and services online and pay for them using an electronic payment instrument. See Internet commerce.

Electronic coupon

Personalised electronic coupons sent by a commercial Web site to frequent shoppers.

Electronic data interchange (EDI)

The automated computer to computer transmission of business information (e. g., purchase orders, invoices, bids, etc.) in a pre-determined, standard format.

Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport (EDIFACT)

The international standard that describes the syntax of EDI messages that is administered by a work group of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. It has been published by the ISO as ISO9735.

Electronic document authorisation (EDA)

A communications protocol using public key digital signatures to establish the identity of an electronic signature and ensure that documents used in business transactions are properly authorised.

Electronic fund transfer (EFT)

The electronic transfer of funds between financial institutions. The payment information may be processed instantaneously, as in a purchase transaction at the retail point-of-sale terminal, or it may be executed on a batch basis by an automatic clearinghouse. See Electronic Fund Transfer/Point of Sale, automatic clearinghouse.