Практикум по экономическому переводу (учебно-методическое пособие) (стр. 6 )

...Вязнут в долгах.

Внешний долг Литвы, по данным Министерства финансов стра­ны, составил 6 млрд. литов — почти 1,5 млрд. долл. При этом тен­денция к росту долга остается устойчивой: только за первый квартал этого года его общая сумма подросла более чем на 344 млн. литов.

Однако литовские финансисты пока не беспокоятся, считая по­добные долговые обязательства естественными и разумными: по их подсчетам, общий внешний долг государства составил 14% совокупного внутреннего продукта, прогнозируемого в этом году, и 24,4% от суммы годового экспорта. Такое соотношение в целом отвечает международным нормам. Однако финансистов Литвы не может не беспокоить низкий уровень возвращаемости кредитов. Если до настоящего момента Литва реально одолжила более 8,5 млрд. литов, то вернуть зарубежным кредиторам сумела, лишь 2,6 млрд. литов.

Комментарии 

futures — фьючерсы (игра на будущих ценах);

hedging — хеджирование (защита фьючерсов от рисков, страховка);

charge = зд. severance pay; take a charge — зд. платить компен­сацию (уволенным);

to observe (agreement);

Trade Unions = Labour Unions (US);

external /ant. internal debt;

ratio — соотношение;

so far — до настоящего момента.

Упр. 27. Переведите текст письменно, обращая внимание на идиомы, выделенные курсивом.

UK TRADE

(The Financial Times, May 12, 1998)

       The idea that the UK economy might be able to gain with­out pain suffered a reverse yesterday. First, the Confed­eration of British Industry’s (CBI) In­dustrial Trends sur­vey showed that manufacturers were more pessimistic about exports than at any time in the last 18 years. Then, as if to con­firm these fears, of­ficial figures showed a rapid widening of the trade deficit from Ј600m in Janu­ary to Ј1.7bn in Feb­ruary. The rise in the deficit was, to be sure, partly caused by special factors; and over six months the volumes of both imports and exports have been little changed. Even so, the CBI survey makes the latest trade data look very much like a flashing amber light.

For much of last year, the resilience of UK trading per­formance in the face of a steep rise in the value of sterling pre­sented something of a puzzle. Had British industry become more competitive during the 1990s? Or was it living off the fat at big export margins achieved after the collapse of sterling in 1992? In either case, it was argued, manu­facturers could with­stand the stresses of high interest rates and a strong pound better than some of their apologists sug­gested. However, the trends survey, which has been a reliable indicator in the past, now points deci­sively downwards.

Expectations for total orders, exports and domestic busi­ness are now much more pessimistic than a year ago, and the outlook has dete­riorated since Janu­ary. This survey ac­cords with recent official data which suggest that the long-predicted slow­ing of the economy has begun. Preliminary data for gross domestic product in the first quarter showed a slight deceleration; the growth of retail sales has  slowed significantly; growth of the money supply has eased; and un­employment may be falling less fast.

In short, the Bank of England’s light money policy may at last be working in the way it must, by squeezing the sup­pliers of tractable goods and services. Does this mean that the Bank should now blow the whis­tle and declare, as the CBI suggests, that interest rates have reached their peak? Probably not. For domestic de­mand is still buoy­ant; and, despite their protests, manu­facturers still enjoy healthy export mar­gins. Meanwhile productivity im­provements remain low.

Упр. 28. Переведите письменно

Рекомендации

В заключение я хотел бы сфор­мулировать ряд уроков из россий­ского опыта.

Если социалистическая эконо­мика больше не функциониру­ет, то правительству следует как можно быстрее попытаться осуществить  дезинфляцию. Отложенная дезинфляция бу­дет значительно более болез­ненной. Если правительство стоит пе­ред необходимостью отсрочки дезинфляции, ему следует ра­дикально сократить бюджет­ный дефицит. Следует отказаться от иллюзий о возможности финансирова­ния дефицита с помощью крат­косрочного портфеля. Следует  учитывать  зависи­мость режима обменного курса от изменений цен на сырьевые товары. Следует понимать, что ужесто­чение бюджетных ограничений имеет  важное  значение  не только для увеличения бюд­жетных доходов, но также для создания условий для работы рыночных механизмов и, таким образом,  повышения  эффек­тивности экономики.

Упр. 29. Переведите с листа научно-экономические тексты.

ABSTRACT

E-COMMERCE: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

Thesis: 99 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables, 59 sources, 3 appendixes.

Key words: ELECTRONIC BUSINESS, ELECTRONIC TRADE, B2B, NETWORK ECONOMY, ERP, BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS MARKETPLACE

The object of the research are e-commerce systems, used in busi­ness-to-business trade, and their components.

The objective of the thesis is to substantiate proposals about the development of e-commerce in the Republic of Belarus basing on international experience of B2B marketplaces and systems' con­struction and application.

The author examined the structure of B2B e-commerce systems, used in international practice; re­viewed the situation on world and Russian markets of such systems; made analysis of legal and organ­izational framework in the Repub­lic of Belarus, the extent of readiness of Belarusian enter­prises to run business in electronic economy conditions.

In thesis calculations were made of the costs of the development and application of e-commerce systems, the ratio of «application to production» costs.

Practical application has the proposal to use IECC system of Belhard company as an instru­ment to increase the effectiveness of Belarusian enterprises.

The author confirms that the given design-analytical material correctly and evenly reflects the condition of the process under consideration, and all theoretical, methodological and methodical provisions and concepts, adopted from other sources, are referred to its authors.

Modernization of the payment system of the Republic of Belarus on the basis of world practice.

Number of pages -91; 10 schemes; 4 tables; 46 sources; 6 appendixes

Key words: payment system, cross border payment system, Automated system of interbank transfer system, TARGET, RTGS-plus, Euro-1.

The object of research of this thesis are cross border payment systems, the payment system of the Republic of Belarus and its constituent elements.

The aim of the thesis is to give an analyses of foreign countries' payment systems, cross border payment systems and payment system of the Republic of Belarus in order to work out suggestions for its modernization.

The author analyses the structure of the Deutsche Bundesbank's liquidity-saving real-time gross settlement system RTGS-plus, European cross border payment system TARGET, European clear­ing system «Euro-1» and national payment system of the Republic of Belarus together with its auto­mated system of interbank trans­fer system. One part of the thesis is devoted to the analyses of in­terbank settlements of BISS sys­tem, which is the main body of automated system of interbank I transfer system.

In the concluding chapter of the thesis the suggestions for mod­ernization were worked out in order to create payment system, which can meet the requirements of international standards and will be able to provide integration of the payment system of the Republiс of Belarus with the payment system of Russia and European cross border payment system TARGET.

The author of this thesis confirms that all figures clearly reflect the process of research and all meth­odological and theoretical concep­tions from other literature sources have references on its authors.

Credit Relations Modification as a Factor of Economic Growth in Transforming Economy of the Republic of Belarus

Key words: credit, credit system, form of credit, credit bureau.

The object of research - credit system, credit and modification of its forms manifestation in market, administrative-command and transforming economy.

The subject of research - forma­tion, development and reforming of credit relations in transforming economy of the Republic of Bela­rus.

The goal of research: to develop methodological framework of credit relations modification in the Republic of Belarus providing economic growth. The research was based on applying universal scientific methods (abstraction, analysis and synthesis, unity of historical and logical, induction and deduction); systemic ap­proach, formal, logical, analytical, comparative analyses, graphical method.

Scientific novelty and signifi­cance of achieved results. There were: developed conceptual framework of credit relations modification in the Republic of Belarus and transition to market-oriented credit system providing economic growth; characterized features and perspectives of de­velopment of market-based and bank-based credit systems; con­ducted cross-country regression and correlation analyses of eco­nomic growth dependence on rela­tionship of crediting and macroeconomic dynamic; proved hypothesis about existence of quantitative frontier of stimulation of economic growth through the increase of credit to private sector; conducted cross-country compara­tive analysis of credit relations on the following three levels: the en­tire economy, private and gov­ernmental sectors; justified performance of relationships in credit sphere; revealed regularities in functioning of credit relations in countries with developed mar­ket economy; there was conducted analysis of credit relations modifi­cation in the Republic of Belarus; proved objective necessity of tran­sition towards market-oriented credit system in the Republic of Belarus and determined methodo­logical framework of its forma­tion; formulated practical recommendations of reforming credit relations in the Republic of Belarus.