Памятка №1 - может быть использована на среднем этапе обучения при знакомстве с темой «Сослагательное наклонение», а также в старшем звене при повторении грамматического материала, при выполнении упражнений, при работе над переводом предложений.
The Subjunctive Mood | ||
Структура предложения | Перевод | |
If….V1(s)…….., ……..will V1…… . | Если ……………… (V1 - в обеих частях предложения) | |
If....V2…….., ……..would V1 | Если бы ……….. (V2 - в обеих частях предложения) | относится к настоящему или будущему времени |
If....had V3.., .……...would have V3 | относится к прошедшему времени (формы глагола to have - в обеих частях предложения) |
Памятка №2 «Сравнительные конструкции с прилагательными» используется на среднем и старшем этапах обучения.
Сравнительные конструкции с прилагательными | Перевод |
as..................as | такой же ……………..как |
not so.............as | не такой ……………..как |
............enough | довольно/достаточно…………. |
not............enough | не достаточно ………………… |
too.......... | очень/слишком……………. |
much.........-er than much more........... than far.........-er than far more........... than | намного……………чем |
twice as..............as twice .............-er than half......................... | в два раза ………чем |
three times as...........as three times.........-er than | в три раза ……………чем |
a bit................... a little.................. | немного |
the more/-er................the more/-er | чем……….тем……………… |
Памятка №3 - для работы с учащимися средней ступени обучения по теме «Структура предложения. Вопросительные предложения».
(зд. под понятием «самостоятельный глагол» имеются в виду глаголы «to be (am, is, are, was, were), to have (have, has, had), shall, will, would, should, must, can, could, may»)
Прочитайте и постарайтесь перевести предложение. Определите, является ли предложение утвердительным или отрицательным (если отрицательное выполняйте п 3 и п.4, если утвердительное выполняйте п.5 - п.10)Отрицательное предложение.
Если предложение отрицательное, найдите глагол, который стоит с отрицательной частичкой «not» и запишите его после
запятой без «not».
Поставьте после глагола местоимение к подлежащему.Утвердительное предложение.
Определите, есть ли в предложении самостоятельный глагол. (Если есть выполняйте п.6 и п.7, если нет, переходите к п.8). Если в предложении есть самостоятельный глагол, напишите его после запятой с отрицательной частицей «not». Поставьте после глагола местоимение к подлежащему. Определите время в предложении (настоящее или прошедшее). Если время настоящее, поставьте после запятой «do» или «does». Если время прошедшее, поставьте «did». Напишите отрицательную частицу «not». Поставьте после глагола местоимение к подлежащему.Памятка №4 - для работы с учащимися средней ступени обучения по теме «Структура предложения. Вопросительные предложения».
Common questions. Прочитай и переведи предложение. Определи сказуемое в предложении. 3. Если в сказуемом есть «to be (am, is, are, was, were), to have (have, has, had), shall, will, would, should, must, can, could, may» , запиши вопросительное предложение, поставив этот глагол перед подлежащим. Если нет такого глагола, см. п. 4. 4. Определите время в предложении (настоящее или прошедшее). 5. Если время настоящее, поставь перед подлежащим вспомогательный глагол «do» или « does» (Не забудь! does + Vs). Если время прошедшее, запиши вспомогательный глагол «did». (Не забудь! did + V2). 6. Запиши все предложение. |
Памятка №5
TO-INFINITIVE, BARE INFINITIVE and –ING-FORM
(Spotlight Module 2c)
Использование инфинитива (с - и без - to) и глаголов с окончанием –ing
Инфинитив с частицей to используется: 1. для выражения цели He went shopping to buy some new clothes. 2. после would love/like/prefer I would like to have a cup of tea now. 3. после прилагательных happy, sorry, angry, glad, pleased, annoyed и др. I’m glad to see you! 4. со словами too (слишком) и enough He’s too young to go to school alone. She’s clever enough to understand this. 5. после ряда глаголов: advise, agree, appear, decide, expect, forget, hope, manage, offer, promise, refuse, seem, want I hope to meet him again. We want to eat out tonight. 6. после вопросительных слов where, how, what, who, which They don’t know what to do. I don’t know how to skate. Инфинитив без частицы to используется: 1. после модальных глаголов can, must, should, could, might, have to, ought to и др. I must do my homework right now. You have to get up earlier tomorrow. 2. после глаголов let, make, hear, see My parents let me go clubbing. I heard her sing yesterday. 3. После выражений had better, would rather You’d better go to bed. You look tired. I’d rather stay at home in such bad weather. ! После глагола help можно использовать как инфинитив с to, так и без to He helped me to write this report. Can you help me clean the flat? | Глаголы с окончанием –ing употребляются: 1. в качестве существительного Fishing is a hobby for quiet relaxed people. 2. после глаголов like, love, enjoy, dislike, hate, prefer I enjoy playing tennis. 3. После глаголов start, begin, stop, finish Stop talking to me like that! 4. после глагола go в сочетании с видами деятельности Let’s go skydiving! He went snowboarding. 5. после глаголов avoid, admit, confess to, deny, look forward to, mind, object to, regret, risk, spend, suggest и др. I look forward to going out on Saturday. 6. после выражений I’m busy, it’s no use, it’s (no) good, it’s worth, what’s the use of, be used to, there’s no point (in) There’s no use talking to him. He’s in the headphones. 7. после предлогов He left without saying goodbye. 8. после глаголов see, hear в значении не полного действия I saw her talking to the head teacher. ( Я видел, как она говорит с директором, но не видел ни начала действия, ни его окончания). Сравните: I saw her talk to the head teacher. (я наблюдал весь разговор полностью.) |
Памятка №6
Past Tenses
Tense groups | Form | Use | Time expressions |
SIMPLE | Ved/V2 Утвердит. – was/were, did, had, saw; washed, played, danced. Отрицат. – didn’t play, didn’t go. Вопросит. – Did he play…? Did you see…? | 1. Действия, закончившиеся в прошлом; 2. действия, произошедшие в определенное время в прошлом; 3. привычки в прошлом; 4. действия, произошед. одно за другим в прошлом; 5. законченные действия в прошлом, не связанные с наст. | Yesterday, the day before yesterday, yesterday morning/night, last night/week/month/, 2 weeks/years ago, in 1989, etc. |
CONTINUOUS | Was/were + Ving Утвердит. – was sleeping, were talking: Отрицат. – wasn’t listening, weren’t watching. Вопросит. – Was she playing…? Were they doing …? | 1. Действие, котор. длилось в определ. время в прошлом; 2. действие, котор. длилось, когда другое действие прервало его; 3. 2 и более действий, происходивших одновременно; 4. создание фона в рассказе. | While, when, as, all day/night/morning, at 5 am yesterday, from 6 to 9 last Sunday, etc. |
PERFECT | Had+ Ved/V3 Утвердит. – had played, had seen; Отрицат. – hadn’t visited, hadn’t done; Вопросит. – Had she washed..? Had you bought..? | 1. действие, котор. произошло до другого действия в прошлом или до опред. момента в прошлом; 2. действие закончилось в прошлом, и результат его был заметен в прошлом. | Before, after, already, for, since, just, till/until, when, by the time, never, etc. |
PERFECT CONTINUOUS | Had been+Ving Утвердит. – had been doing, had been looking; Отрицат. – hadn’t been playing; Вопросит. - Had she been sleeping…? | 1. для выделения длительности действия, котор. началось и закончилось в прошл. или до определ. момента в прошлом; 2. действие длилось какое-то время в прошлом, и результат его был виден в прошлом. | For, since, how long, before, until, etc. |
Памятка №7
This table shows how tenses are usually replaced in Reported Speech
Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
Present Simple He said: “The text is difficult”. Past Simple She said: “Last week I went to Melbourne”. Future Simple He said: “I will call you”. Present Continuous She said: “I am doing my homework”. Past Continuous He said; “I was watching TV at 8”. Future Continuous She said: “This time tomorrow I will be flying to Moscow”. Present Perfect He said: “I have finished the book”. | Past Simple He said the test was difficult. Past Perfect She said that she had gone to Melbourne the week before”. Future-in-the-Past He said that he would call me. Past Continuous She said she was doing her homework. Past Perfect Continuous He said that he had been watching TV at 8. She said that this time the next day she would be flying to Moscow. Past Perfect He said that he had finished the book. |
*** We leave modals must, might, could, would, should, ought to unchanged
in reported speech. But we normally change may to might in reported speech.
“You must work harder”, she said. → She said (that) I must work harder.
“You may explain it better”, he said. → He said (that) I might explain it better.
Some words and word combinations which change in Reported Speech
Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
tonight, today, this week/month/year | that night, that day, that week/month/year |
now | at that time, at once, immediately |
now that | since |
yesterday, last night/week/month/year | the day before, the previous night/week/month/year |
tomorrow, next week/month/year | the following day/the day after, the following/next week/month/year |
two days/months/years etc. ago | two days/months/years etc. before |
this/these | that/ those |
here | there |
come | go |
Памятка №8
Клише для писем и эссе
Выражения мнения:
• I agree/ disagree
• In my opinion, … / From my point of view, … / As far as I am concerned, …
• I believe that…/ It seems to me that…
• I am in favour of… / I am against the idea of…
• According to…
• Some people say that…
• It is said/believed that…
• There is no doubt that…
• It cannot be denied that…
• It goes without saying that…
• We must admit that…
Представление аргументов:
• The main argument against/in favour is…
• First of all, I would like to consider…
• The first thing I would like to consider is…
• To begin with, …/ To start with, …
• Despite the fact that…/ In spite of the fact that…
• On the one hand, … /On the other hand, …
• Besides,…/ In addition,…
• What is more, …/ Moreover, …/ More than that, …
• Finally, …
• However, … / …, though
• …although…
• Nevertheless,…
Логические связки:
• for this reason
• therefore/that is why
• thus sth happened because of/as a result of/owing to/due to/as a consequence of
Примеры:
• For example
• For instance
• Such as
• Like
Заключение:
• To sum up, …
• To conclude, I would argue that…
• On this basis, I can conclude that...
• In conclusion, I would like to stress that…
Памятка №9
WritingLetters
Layout | |
Formal | Informal |
Аddress | |
Moscow, RussiaMarch,24,2011 Sales Manager, Brown & Smith Ltd., 1304 Sherman Ave., Madison, Wisconsin. | Moscow, Russia March,24,2011 |
Greetings | |
Most commonly used salutations are as follows: Sir, Sirs, Dear Madam, Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, Dear Mr. Brown, | Dear Clara, Hi Tania, Hello Bill, |
The introductory paragraph | |
The first paragraph will generally outline the purpose for the letter and the reason that the letter is being sent. ● I am writing to you with reference to… ● I am interested in applying for the job/position of… ● We are pleased to receive… ● This is to inform you that I have received your letter of… ● I very much appreciate having a reply from you… ● I am most grateful to you for… | should be started with a sentence that piques the interest of the reader. Make a few chatty comments or ask a few personal questions. ● How are you getting on? ● I’m really sorry for not getting in touch sooner… ● Thanks for writing back so quickly… ● I just wanted to let you know… ● Sorry I haven’t written for ages… ● Thought I’d better drop you a line to thank you for helping me… |
The body | |
The body of the letter is the subject matter. It may consist of only one paragraph or as many as necessary to convey the message. Many-paged letters should be numbered. The body of a formal letter is brief. This is because business writing is straight to the point. When we write a formal letter, we want to hit the nail on the head, and not beat about the bush. | The introduction should flow smoothly into the body, where you will talk about the main subject of your letter. If you are going to be discussing more than one topic, you can say “To begin with, I need to tell you…”Keep the tone of your informal letter on the conversational level. |
The complimentary close | |
It is customary to close a letter with a closing salutation. Most commonly you will find: ●Yours faithfully, ●Yours sincerely, ●Yours truly, ●Best regards, ●Kindest regards, | Finish the letter with an excuse to stop writing. The appropriate phrases are: ● Must dash now, I have to write my History report… ● Please give my regards to… ● All the best, ● Love, ● Best wishes, ● With love from, |
The signature | |
After the complimentary close, leave about two lines, and then write your full name Yours faithfully, Helen Lisova, English teacher | Whether you sign only your first name, nickname or full name will depend on the relationship. Love, Helen |
● I have been offered … ● I am prepared to come for an interview at anytime…
|
● I’ve done… ● Why don’t we…
● It’s a piece of cake to do the History project for me.
|
The formal letter sample | The informal letter sample |
Dear sir, I am writing for the position of volunteer worker which I saw advertised in the Guardian last week. I would be interested in teaching Maths to primary children in your camp in Bangladesh. I enclose a copy of my CV. I would like to work for you because I am very interested in teaching. I would also like to learn about a different culture as I feel that intercultural understanding is extremely important. I am hard-working and committed person. For the last three years, I have done voluntary work visiting elderly people in my local area. I have also taught immigrant children so I feel confident I can get on well with people from other cultural backgrounds. I think I could be a good primary teacher of maths due to my teaching experience and since I have Maths ‘A’ level. In addition, I hold a certificate in first aid, which might be useful. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Maureen Taylor Maureen Taylor (Ms) | Dear Tom, I’m glad to hear from you. Thanks for your letter. How are you getting on? I’m writing to you to answer your questions about students` independence from their parents. As a matter of fact, the allowance in Russian universities is so low that It’s not enough for pocket money. And it’s absolutely unreal for students to get a well-paid job, so Russian students have to be financially supported by their parents even though they want to be independent. Students can rent a flat only if parents give them money for that. And only nonresident students can live in university hostels. By the way, did you enjoy your trip to Scotland? What places of interest have you visited? Have you seen the Loch Ness monster? I’m sorry but I must dash now. My mum is coming, we are gonna have dinner soon. Best wishes, Zina |
Typical errors | |
| Contractions are often used; e. g. I`m writing to inform you of… 2. The ignorance of passive constructions 3. Formal expressions are substituted with colloquial words; e. g. obtain-get inform me-let me know contact-get in touch | . The questions are grammatically incorrect; 2. Inconsistency in the tenses: e. g. I was going to town yesterday when a dog bite me and I ran all the way to the hospital. 3. The apostrophe is in the wrong place; e. g. The dog lost it’s collar. 4. The complimentary close is not punctuated, the name is written on the same line; e. g. Take care Michael |
Vocabulary difference | |
Inform me Cancel Contact Obtain Apologise Postpone Compensate Establish Discover Handle Investigate Tolerate Increase Children Many/much |
Let me know Drop Get in touch Get Say sorry Delay Make up Set up Find out Deal with Check up on Put up with Go up Kids A lot of |
Linking words | |
As far as I am concerned, Furthermore, Nevertheless, Despite the fact that, Firstly, Secondly, In addition, | Also, However, Actually, In fact, As a matter of fact, Anyway, As you know, |
Памятка № 10
ClausesofPurpose – придаточные предложения цели. Вводятся при помощи: To \ in order to\ so as to + глаголE. g. He is running to \ in order to \ so as to catch the bus. 2. so that + can \ will (настоящее \ будущее) E. g. She’ll stay at the office late so that she’ll finish her work. 3. so that + could \ would (прошлое) E. g. Tom joined a gym so that he could lose weight. 4. with the view to \ with the aim of + глагол + ing E. g. He went to the bank with the aim of asking for a loan. 5. in case + present simple E. g. I will take an umbrella in case it rains. 6.for + глагол + ing E. g. These copybooks are only for writing tests. | ClausesofResults – придаточные предложения следствия. Вводятсяприпомощи:
ch + a \an + прилаг. + исчисл. сущ. в ед. лице. Such + прилаг. + неисчисл. cущ. или исчисл. сущ. во мн. числе E. g. Mrs. Abbot is such a good teacher that all students love her. E. g. They are such nice people that everybody likes them. Such + a lot of + сущ. + that + придаточноепредложение E. g. He had such a lot of work that he had to cancel our meeting. 2. so + прил.\наречие + that + придат. предложение E. g. They were talking so loudly that the librarian asked them to leave the library. So + few\ little \ many \much + сущ. + that + придаточноепредложение E. g. There was so much traffic on the street that it took us an hour to drive home. |
Памятка №11
Simple | Progressive | Perfect | Perfect Progressive |
PRESENT | Ежедневные действия, привычки, постоянные ситуации am is + V3 (ed) are | Длительное действие происходит в момент речи или произойдёт в ближайшем будущем am is + being + V3 (ed) are | Действие уже произошло в неуказанное время, есть результат have + been + V3 (ed) has |
PAST | Действие произошло в указанное время в прошлом was + V3 (ed) were | Длительное действие, которое происходило в определённый момент в прошлом was + being +V3(ed) were | Действие произошло к определённому моменту в прошлом had + been + V3 (ed) |
FUTURE | Действие произойдёт в указанное время в будущем will be V3 (ed) | Действие произойдёт к определённому моменту в будущем will +have + been + V3(ed) |
