III. Перепишите и переведите текст.
AUTOMATION IN TRANSPORTATION
The most sophisticated applications of automation in transportation have been made in the guidance and control of aircraft and spacecraft. Other applications include railroad operations and automatic traffic control.
Aviation. Automated systems combining radar, computers, and auxiliary electronic equipment have been developed to control the ever-increasing volume of air traffic. Air traffic controllers at large airports depend on such systems to direct the continuous flow of incoming and outgoing airplanes. They can pinpoint the position of every plane within 50 miles (80 kilometers) of the airfield on a special display screen of the radar unit. This information allows the controllers to select the safest route for pilots to follow as they approach and leave the airport. Many of the systems of the aircraft itself are automated. Oxygen masks, for instance, automatically drop down from overhead compartments when the cabin pressure becomes too low. Most modern planes have an automatic pilot that can take over for the human pilot.
Railroads. Automation has become an important factor in railroad operations. The management of rail yards has been facilitated by computerized systems that integrate the signaling and switching functions of classification yards, where freight trains are sorted and assembled. Electronic scanners read color-coded identification labels on all freight cars entering a classification yard and relay the information to yard computers that assign the cars to the proper track. Automation has also been adopted by many passenger rail lines. In a number of systems, automatic equipment is used so extensively that the function of the train operator has been reduced to simple on and off operations during station stops. Since commands from automatic controls are continuously fed to other automatic mechanisms in response to information collected by sensors strategically positioned on the engine and track, human control of the engine is only required in an emergency. An impressive example of automated rail transportation is the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system serving the San Francisco-Oakland area of California. BART consists of more than 75 miles (121 kilometers) of track and about 100 trains operating between 33 stations at peak hours. Both the operation of trains and ticketing of passengers are fully automated. As a train enters a station, it
automatically transmits its identification and destination to the control center and to a display board for passengers to see. The control center, in turn, sends signals to the train that regulate its time in the station and its running time to the next destination. An ideal schedule is established every
morning and, as the day progresses, the performance of each train is compared with that schedule. The performances of individual trains are then adjusted as required. The entire BART system is controlled by essentially one computer. There is an identical backup computer that can assume control if necessary.
Notes:(classification) yard – сортировочная станция
switching – маневровая работа
ВАРИАНТ 3
I. Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: Что такое имя прилагательное и наречие? Как образуются степени сравнения имени прилагательного и наречия в английском языке?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием –ing.
1. Talking on cellular phones while driving is very dangerous, that is why it is banned. 2. Around $1.2 billion is being spent on modernizing the 270 km suburban network of Sao Paolo (Brazil); this includes buying new trains, refurbishing existing stock, renewing signaling equipment, plus constructing new railway stations, rebuilding old ones and laying new tracks. 3. Finland has the same railway gauge as Russia that is why high-speed trains can cross the border without stopping. 4. The ore is transported from the mine to the processing plant by the railway. 5. Having worked at the railway for several years, Paul gained much experience in driving electric locos.
III. Перепишите и переведите текст.
UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS
The underground railway is the quickest, safest, most reliable and comfortable means of city’s transport. Metro can solve the problems of carrying a great number of passengers in large cities as well as the problems of traffic jams, air contamination and noise. However, from the technical point of view the underground railway system is very expensive and complicated constructional work. This system includes subsurface lines, ground based lines and elevated lines. Ground based lines are usually used at the terminations of the underground railways. Besides the underground and surface structures involve stations, tunnels, escalators, underpasses, ventilation and sanitary engineering as well as a power supply system.
The permanent way of underground railways differs from the usual railway track. The sleepers are only 0.9 m long. They are shorter than those of the railroad track which are 2.7 m long. The sleepers of the usual track are laid upon ballast made of broken stone or other materials. The crossties of the underground railway are laid directly on concrete base. It is more expensive but keeps air free from dust. If the ballast were made of slag, gravel, sand or even broken stone, the train would be followed by the dust clouds. All Metro trains are powered by electricity. The current is obtained from the third rail. This contact rail is laid along the whole track and transmits the direct current of 825 volts to the train electromotor through the pantograph. The Underground carrying capacity depends on the number of coaches, which ranges from 2 to 8 per train and the frequency of train running which ranges from 80 seconds to 8 minutes. Nowadays there are underground railways in 80 cities all over the world. The first Metro railways lines were constructed in London in 1863. It is the oldest but not the longest Underground. New York was the second city to build the subway. The first track was laid in 1868 and nowadays it is the longest Metro in the world. The shortest Metro line was constructed in Turkey. Its length is only 600 m but Istanbul is very proud of the metropolitan means of traffic.
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: Что такое имя числительное? Какие виды имени числительного в английском языке вы знаете? Какие существуют правила употребления числительных в английском языке?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием - ed.
1. One of the earliest railway bridges in Great Britain called “Britannia” has survived to our days. 2. The revolution in science and technology affects not only economically developed countries but also developing countries. 3. If hardened in fire, steel becomes stronger. 4. In Britain, creosote-treated wooden sleepers last about 20 years in the main tracks, whereas the life of a wooden sleeper in India is 15 years. 5. The French military engineer Cugnot constructed the first three-wheeled machine equipped with a two-cylinder steam engine. This machine carried two people at a walking pace.
III. Перепишите и переведите текст.
MANUFACTURERS TAKE OVER TRAIN MAINTENANCE
A quiet revolution is taking place in train maintenance as major manufacturers increasingly take over the lifetime care of the vehicles they build. The result should be better and more reliable trains. There was a time when a train manufacturer’s responsibility for his product ended after a two - or three-year guarantee period. Trains were produced to detailed technical specifications written by the operators, and manufacturers were not expected to show any initiative regarding the period after the expiry of the guarantee. Maintenance became the exclusive preserve of the operator. There is a story of a light rail vehicle manufacturer admitting privately at a conference that if he had to maintain the vehicles he was supplying he would have to go back to the drawing board and start again if he was to make money. Railway practice shows that initial purchase price was just a fraction of the costs incurred during a 30-year vehicle life. After that came privatization with new operators wanting to concentrate on their core skills and outsource most technical and many non-technical functions. Indeed, technology is now so advanced and complex that operators are not easily able to maintain their new vehicles. The changing nature of the global market, with rolling stock sales expected to remain flat for the next few years, has also influenced major companies, such as Alstom, Bombardier, and Adtranz, all of which have been searching for new income streams. Nowhere has the impact of these changes been more strongly felt than in Britain where all the major manufacturers are involved in serious long-term care of the trains they are now building, and in some cases trains built by other manufacturers. What is more, maintenance experts have become part of the design process so that cost-effective maintainability and reliability is incorporated into the initial design. Manufacturers should be responsible for service and maintenance because it improves the product. The outcome should be more operator-friendly, passenger-friendly, and reliable trains. Taking a look at train maintenance in Britain today is to take a look at tomorrow’s railway. Manufacturers are building new multi-million pound maintenance facilities to maintain new fleets of trains they are constructing for operators, or pumping millions into existing building to bring both the fabric and the equipment up to modern standards.
Notes: a (railway) operator - железная дорога; a preserve – зд.: забота, проблема; costs incurred - понесенные издержки.
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: Что такое глагол? Перечислите наклонения глаголов а английском языке. Какие существуют особенности употребления глаголов to have/ to has? Как строятся предложения с конструкцией there is/are?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием –ing.
|
Из за большого объема этот материал размещен на нескольких страницах:
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
