МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«ДОНСКОЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
СОЦИАЛЬНО-ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ
Кафедра «Мировые языки и культуры»
Реферат по курсу:
«Теоретическая грамматика»
Тема: “Compound sentences”
студента 2 курса
очной формы обучения
гр. ГЛ - 23
Проверил:
Оценка:
Ростов-на-Дону
2015
Оглавление
Introduction 3
Definition of compound sentence and its clauses 4
● Syndactically 4
● Asyndetically 4
Coordinating conjunctions 4
Types of coordination 5
● Copulative coordination 5
● Adversative coordination 6
● Disjunctive coordination 6
● Саusative-consecutive coordination 6
Open and closed coordinative constructions 7
Conclusion 8
References 9
Introduction
The compound sentence is composed of two simple sentences joined together by a comma and a joining word (coordinating conjunction). We could also describe a compound sentence as two independent clauses joined by a conjunction. When forming compound sentences, it is important to understand the components of a compound sentence and to use the proper punctuation to join clauses.
Definition of compound sentence and its clauses
A compound sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more clauses coordinated with each other. A clause is a part of sentence which has a subject and a predicate of its own.
The clauses of a compound sentence are arranged as units of syntactically equal rank. The compound sentence is derived from two or more base sentences, joined as coordinate clauses. One of them becomes the leading clause, and the other clauses, which may or may not include the coordinative connector, occupy the dependent sentential position and may be called sequential clauses.
In a compound sentence the clauses may be connected:
- Syndactically
By means of coordination conjunctions (or, and, but, etc.) or conjunctive adverbs (however, yet, still, etc.)
e. g. Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.
He didn’t want to go to the dentist, yet he went anyway.
- Asyndetically
Without a conjunction or conjunctive adverb.
The sky is clear; the stars are twinkling.
Coordinating conjunctions
There are seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, so, or, for, nor, yet.
e. g. The computer crashed, so I lost all my work.
Compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or complete sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are useful for connecting sentences, but compound sentences often are overused. While coordinating conjunctions can indicate some type of relationship between the two independent clauses in the sentence, they sometimes do not indicate much of a relationship. The word "and," for example, only adds one independent clause to another, without indicating how the two parts of a sentence are logically related.
Clearer and more specific relationships can be established through the use of complex sentences.
Coordinative connectors are divided into conjunctions proper, (e. g.: and, but, or, for, either…or, neither… nor, etc.) and semi-functional connectors of adverbial character, (e. g.: nevertheless, besides, however, yet, thus, so, etc).
Adverbial connectors, unlike pure conjunctions, can be shifted in the sequential clause (except for yet and so), e. g.: The company’s profits have fallen, but there is, however, another side to this problem.
The coordinate clauses can be combined asyndetically (by the zero coordinator), e. g.: The quarrel was over, the friendship was resumed.
Semantically, connections between coordinated clauses can be subdivided into two types: marked coordinative connection and unmarked coordinative connection.
A marked coordination is expressed by conjunctions and adverbial connectors rendering adversative relations (but, however, yet, etc.), disjunctive relations (or, either… or, etc.), causal-consequential relations (so, for, therefore, thus, etc.), and positive and negative copulative relations of events (both... and, neither… nor).
Unmarked coordination is expressed syndetically by the pure conjunction and, or asyndetically, by the zero coordinator.
Types of coordination
From the point of view of the relationship between coordinate clauses, we distinguish four kinds of coordinate connection:
- Copulative coordination
It implies that the information conveyed by coordinate clauses is in some way similar. Copulative coordination, expressed by the conjunctions and, nor, neither…nor, not only…but.
e. g. You see yet do not hear.
With the help of these conjunctions the statements expressed in one clause is simply added to the expressed in another.
- Adversative coordination
It joins clauses containing opposition, contradiction or contrast. Adversative connectors are: the conjunctions but, while, whereas, the conjunctive adverbs however, yet, still, nevertheless, and the conjunctive particle only. Adversative coordination may also be realized asyndetically. The main adversative conjunction is but, which expresses adversative connection in a very general way. The clause introduced by but conveys some event that is opposite to what is expected from the contents of the first clause.
The story was amusing, but nobody laughed.
These are conjunctions and adverbs connecting two clauses contrasting in meaning.
- Disjunctive coordination
It implies a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives. The disjunctive conjunctions are or, either... or, the conjunctive adverbs are else (or else), otherwise.
You can join us at the station, or we can wait for you at home.
By these a choice is offered between the statements expressed in two clauses.
- Саusative-consecutive coordination
It joins clauses connected in such a way that one of them contains a reason and the other - a consequence. The second clause may contain either the reason or the result of the event conveyed by the previous clause.
Causative-consecutive coordination expressed by the conjunctions for, so and the conjunctive adverbs therefore, accordingly, consequently, hence.
For introduces coordinate clauses explaining the preceding statement. Therefore, accordingly, consequently, hence introduce coordinate clauses denoting clause, consequence and result.
The days became longer, for it was now springtime
Open and closed coordinative constructions
The basic type of the compound sentence, as with the complex sentence, is a two-clause construction. If more than two or more sequential clauses are combined with one leading clause, from the point of view of semantic correlation between the clauses, such constructions are divided into “open” and “closed
Conclusion
The clauses of compound sentences are of equal rank, but usually the clause preceding the conjunction is regarded as the initial clause to which the other clause is related. The compound sentence usually describes events in their natural order, reflecting the march of events spoken of in the sequence of clauses.
References
Теоретическая грамматика английского языка / - 3-е изд. - М.: Изд-во Высшая школа, 2000.-178 с. Грамматика английского языка. Пособие для студентов педагогических институтов / , , и др. – 7-е изд. – М.: Айрис-пресс, 2014. – 384 с. Грамматика английского языка / , , - СПб., СОЮЗ, 1999. - 496 с. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка: учебно-методическое пособие [Текст] / . – Благовещенск: Изд-во БГПУ, 2009.
