a) increase | b) increased | c) has increased |
24. The government often ___________ industry and helps it with subsidies.
a) encourage | b) encourages | c) is encouraged |
25. Some economists suppose the world population ________ 12-13 billion by 2020.
a) will reach | b) will have reached | c) will have been reached |
26. The famous English economist Alfred Marshall _______ his “Principles of Economics” in 1890.
a) wrote | b) will write | c) has written |
VII. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами.
27. Sometimes the government ________ to impose trade barriers to protect domestic producers.
a) must | b) should | c) has |
28. Students studying economics _________ expect higher earnings than those of students studying philosophy.
a) can | b) are able | c) are allowed |
29. In a free market economy the individuals ______ to produce goods and services without any government restrictions.
a) must | b) are allowed | c) may |
30. The enterprise ________ to make high profits if it is managed well.
a) is able | b) is allowed | c) might |
31. The government _______ not ignore the high unemployment rate.
a) is | b) has | c) must |
IX. Заполните пропуски прилагательными в нужной форме.
32. The euro rate was ______ than the US dollar rate in 2002.
a) more high | b) higher | c) the highest |
33. There is much ______ government regulation in present-day Russia than in the former Soviet Union.
a) less | b) little | c) the least |
34. In this supermarket you can find goods of _______ quality.
a) more good | b) the most good | c) the best |
X. Переведите текст (письменно).
Economics is a scientific study of the system by which the country’s wealth is made and used. There are various forms of government restrictions and regulations in economies.
Planned or command economy is a system, where the government makes all decisions on what, how and for whom to produce.
Economy in which there is no government intervention is called free market economy. Production and consumption are coordinated through prices.
Mixed economy lies between these two main types where the market and the government are both of importance. Modern economies in the West are mixed and rely mainly on the market, but the general tendency is to keep the government regulation at quite a high level.
The optimal level of the government control remains a problem which is of interest for most economists.
Контрольная работа №1
по английскому языку для студентов экономических специальностей
заочного отделения
I семестр
Вариант 3
I. Прочитайте и переведите текст (устно).
FISCAL POLICY
Fiscal policy is an instrument of demand management, which is used to influence the level of economic activity in an economy through the control of taxation and government expenditure.
The government can use a number of taxation measures to control aggregate demand or spending: direct taxes on individuals (income tax) and companies (corporation tax) can be increased if spending has to be reduced, for example, to control inflation. Spending can also be reduced by increasing indirect taxes: an increase in the VAT (value added tax) on all products or excise duties on particular products such as petrol and cigarettes will result in lower purchasing power.
The government can change its own expenditure to affect spending levels as well: a cut in purchases of products or capital investment by the government can reduce total spending in the economy.
If the government is to increase spending, it creates a budget deficit, reducing taxation and increasing its expenditure.
A decrease in government spending and an increase in taxes (a withdrawal from the circular flow of national income) reduces aggregate demand to avoid contrast, an increase in government spending and / or decrease in taxes – an injection into the circular flow of national income stimulates aggregate demand and creates additional jobs to avoid unemployment.
In practice, however, the effectiveness of fiscal policy can be reduced by a number of problems. Taxation rate changes, particularly changes in income tax, take time to make; considerable proportions of government expenditure on, for example, schools, roads, hospitals and defence cannot easily be changed without lengthy political lobbying.
II. Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы к тексту.
1. What is the effect of reduced aggregate demand in an economy?
a) decreasing inflation | b) increasing inflation | c) avoiding inflation |
2. How can aggregate demand be reduced?
a) by an increase in taxes
b) by a decrease in government spending
c) by both a decrease in government spending and an increase in taxes
3. How does higher aggregate demand affect government spending?
a) there is an increase in taxes
b) there is a decrease in taxes and an increase in government spending
c) there is a decrease in government spending
III. Закончите предложения по содержанию прочитанного текста.
4. The government can impose a number of taxation measures_________.
a) to increase aggregate demand
b) to decrease aggregate demand or spending
c) to create a budget deficit
5. Spending can also be cut ___________.
a) by raising indirect taxes
b) by decreasing indirect taxes
c) without changing indirect taxes
6. An increase in the value added tax on products will result in__________.
a) unchanged purchasing power
b) higher purchasing power
c) lower purchasing power
7. An injection into the circular flow of national income brings about additional jobs_________.
a) to increase unemployment
b) to prevent unemployment
c) to reduce unemployment
8. Large proportion of government expenditure on defence cannot easily be altered without _______.
a) voting | b) referendum | c) political lobbying |
IV. Подберите эквивалент к данному русскому слову или словосочетанию.
9. налогообложение
a) tax | b) taxation | c) tax rate |
10. совокупный спрос
a) aggregate demand | b) consumer demand | c) primary demand |
11. акцизные сборы
a) customs duties | b) excise duties | c) registration duties |
12. покупательная способность
a) earning power | b) water power | c) purchasing power |
13. приводить к чему-либо
a) result in something | b) follow something | c) avoid something |
14. уменьшать налоги
a) decrease taxes | b) impose taxes | c) subtract taxes |
15. увеличивать расходы
a) cut spending | b) increase spending | c) multiply spending |
V. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно передающее содержание предъявленного.
16. The government can change its own expenditures to affect spending levels as well: a cut in purchases of products or capital investment by the government can reduce total spending in economy.
а) Правительство может увеличить свои собственные расходы, влияя таким образом на потребительский уровень.
b) Правительство может также изменить расходы, чтобы повлиять на уровень потребления, так как уменьшение объема закупок или правительственных инвестиций может привести к сокращению всеобщего потребления в народном хозяйстве.
c) Сокращение закупок продуктов и капитального инвестирования заставляет государство изменять расходы, которые, в свою очередь, изменяли бы потребительский уровень.
contrast, an increase in government spending and / or decrease in taxes – an injection into the circular flow of national income stimulates aggregate demand and creates additional jobs to avoid unemployment.
a) По контрасту, рост правительственных трат и уменьшение налогов (инъекция в циркуляцию национального дохода) является стимулом для создания дополнительных вакансий.
b) И, наоборот, увеличение правительственных расходов и уменьшение налогов (инжекции в кругооборот национального дохода) стимулирует агрегатные потребности и создает дополнительные специальности, чтобы избежать безработицы.
с) Напротив, увеличение правительственных расходов и / или снижение налогов (денежное вливание в оборот национального дохода) стимулирует совокупный спрос и создает дополнительные рабочие места, что, в свою очередь, позволяет избежать безработицы.
18. Fiscal policy is an instrument of demand management, which is used to influence the level of economic activity in an economy through the control of taxation and government expenditure.
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