Практическое задание № 1 (Вопрос № 2)
Практическое задание предполагает знание творчества английских и американских писателей: Э. По, С. Моэма, Г. Монро, О. Уайльда, Р. Дала, Д. Фаулза, , Дж. Арчера, Э. Хемингуэя, О’Генри, К. Мэнсфилд, Дж. Чивера, Дж. Джойса, , Дж. Апдайка.
Для проведения анализа предлагается следующая схема:
Автор художественного (публицистического) текста. Основная тема текста. Функциональные стили, преобладающие в тексте. Композиция. Автор как повествователь. Система образов и их взаимоотношения. Лингвистические средства (лексические, грамматические, фонетические, выразительные средства и стилистические фигуры). Краткое изложение сюжета текста. Идея и основные смыслы, распредмеченные в тексте. Личная оценка текста экзаменующимся.MAIN STEPS OF TEXT ANALYSIS
All the steps and items mentioned below are aimed at realizing the author's message, the way it is developed and brought about by the author in the whole of the literary work as a poetic structure.
You are at liberty to change the proposed order of text analysis in accordance with your own logical approach.
1. Object of interpretation | what you are going to analyse, to interpret (a novel, a story, a passage). |
2. Author of the literary work: | (place in literature, famous works, etc.) |
3. Epigraph & title: | (stating or anticipating implied ideas). |
4. Theme (topic): | (formulating the main topic & relevant subtopics, pointing out clues & key-sentences). Main idea & author’s message: (the central idea of the literary work, explicit or implicit expression of the author’s intention). |
5. Type of the text: | Functional styles of speech – functional style (the style of fiction, the style of scientific prose, official style, publicistic style, oratorical style). Forms of the text: (a piece of narration, description, argumentation, reflection, essay, a dialogue, a monologue, etc.). |
6. Setting: | (an environment, surroundings of characters, actions). |
position: | (plot & its development; arrangement of paragraphs) |
8. Author as a narrator: | (an omniscient writer, an observer author, etc.). |
9. System of images (characters & their portrayal): | (characters, their relationship, their appearance, actions & inner qualities). |
10. Tonal system (atmosphere, tone): | (atmosphere as a general mood of the work, tone as the light in which the characters are depicted, author's attitude to his characters, the way he depicts & treats them). |
11. Language means: | (lexical, grammatical, phonetical, expressive means & stylistic devices). |
12. Text compression: | adaptation, summary, precis (abstraction), annotation. |
13. Message: | (see above). |
14. Reader's evaluation: | (opinion & generalization). |
Примерный текст для проведения анализа
Oscar Wilde
The Star-Child
Once upon a time two poor Woodcutters were making their way home through a great pine-forest. It was winter, and a night of bitter cold. The snow lay thick upon the ground, and upon the branches of the trees: the frost kept snapping the little twigs on either side of them, as they passed: and when they came to the Mountain-Torrent she was hanging motionless in air, for the Ice-King had kissed her. So cold was it that even the animals and the birds did not know what to make of it. 'Ugh!' snarled the Wolf as he limped through the brushwood with his tail between his legs, 'this is perfectly monstrous weather. Why doesn't the Government look to it?' 'Weet! weet! weet! twittered the green Linnets, 'the old Earth is dead, and they have laid her out in her white shroud.' 'The Earth is going to be married, and this is her bridal dress,' whispered the Turtle-doves to each other. Their little pink feet were quite frost-bitten, but they felt that it was their duty to take a romantic view of the situation. 'Nonsense!' growled the Wolf. 'I tell you that it is all the fault of the Government, and if you don't believe me I shall eat you.' The Wolf had a thoroughly practical mind, and was never at a loss for a good argument. 'Well, for my own part, said the Woodpecker, who was a born philosopher, 'I don't care an atomic theory for explanations. If a thing is so, it is so, and at present it is terribly cold.' Terribly cold it certainly was. The little Squirrels, who lived inside the tall fir-tree, kept rubbing each other's noses to keep themselves warm, and the Rabbits curled themselves up in their holes, and did not venture even to look out of doors. The only people who seemed to enjoy it were the great horned Owls. Their feathers were quite stiff with rime, but they did not mind, and they rolled their large yellow eyes, and called out to each other across the forest, 'Tu-whit! Tu-whoo! Tu-whit! Tu-whoo! what delightful weather we are having!' On and on went the two Woodcutters, blowing lustily upon their fingers, and stamping with their huge iron-shod boots upon the caked snow. Once they sank into a deep drift, and came out as white as millers are, when the stones are grinding; and once they slipped on the hard smooth ice where the marsh-water was frozen, and their faggots tell out of their bundles, and they had to pick them up and bind them together again; and once they thought that they had lost their way, and a great terror seized on them, for they knew that the Snow is cruel to those who sleep in her arms. But they put their trust in the good Saint Martin, who watches over all travellers, and retraced their steps, and went warily, and at last they reached the outskirts of the forest, and saw, far down in the valley beneath them, the lights of the village in which they dwelt. So overjoyed were they at their deliverance that they laughed aloud, and the Earth seemed to them like a flower of silver, and the Moon like a flower of gold. Yet, after that they had laughed they became sad, for they remembered their poverty, and one of them said to the other, 'Why did we make merry, seeing that life is for the rich, and not for such as we are? Better that we had died of cold in the forest, or that some wild beast had fallen upon us and slain us.' 'Truly,' answered his companion, much is given to some, and little is given to others. Injustice has parcelled out the world, nor is there equal division of aught save of sorrow.' But as they were bewailing their misery to each other this strange thing happened. There fell from heaven a very bright and beautiful star. It slipped down the side of the sky, passing by the other stars in its course, and, as they watched it wondering, it seemed to them to sink behind a clump of willow-trees that stood hard by a little sheep-fold no more than a stone's throw away. |
Практическое задание № 2 (Вопрос № 3)
Практическое задание предполагает аннотацию газетной статьи общественно-политического, страноведческого или научно-популярного характера, опубликованную в зарубежных газетах или журналах.
Примерный текст статьи
Campaign encourages older Americans to start exercising
By Lenny Bernstein
Some things should go without saying. But sometimes we need to say them anyway.
Here are two: You can’t stop exercising as you grow older. And if you’re 50 or so, and you’ve never adopted a fitness regimen, you’d better start. According to the National Institute on Aging (NIA), only 25 percent of people age 65 to 74 engage in any kind of regular physical activity. For people 85 and older, it’s just 11 percent.
Does it seem unreasonable to ask an 85-year-old to exercise regularly? It shouldn’t, because it isn’t.
“At age 85, you want to continue enjoying life and not be limited by your physical abilities because your muscles aren’t strong and you’re having balance problems,” says Chanda Dutta, chief of the clinical gerontology branch of the National Institute on Aging. “There’s so much more to life than simply being able to dress yourself.”
About two weeks ago, the NIA started a major campaign to help older Americans start, or continue, exercising. (And here I note that by “older” the agency means people over 50, which includes me. Not sure how I feel about that.) Whether you have a heart condition, you think you’re too busy, you’ve spent a lifetime on the couch the Go4Life campaign is not taking no for an answer.
“I think that a lot of people may not know where to begin,” Dutta says. “And the other thing is we all lead busy lives, and what we are doing with this campaign is trying to show people that there are ways they can incorporate exercise and physical activity into their busy lives.”
It is based on NIA research and the recommendations of experts; the program took two years and $3.1 million to develop. The NIA also is partnering with 29 public, private organizations — from the U. S. Chamber of Commerce to the American Medical Association.
There are programs for just about everyone — for the homebound, for people who need to get restarted after a health setback. Various groups are trying to solve one of the most difficult problems.
For the record: You need to exercise for the rest of your life to keep up your strength, balance and flexibility. If you do, you’ll help prevent heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes. You may maintain mental agility longer. You’ll have more energy. Your mood may brighten. You could meet other like-minded people. Or, like most people over 65, you can ignore this advice. It’s up to you.
|
Из за большого объема этот материал размещен на нескольких страницах:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
