Федеральное агентство по образованию
Государственное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«Алтайская государственная академия образования
имени »
Практическая грамматика английского языка:
Сослагательное наклонение
Модальные глаголы
Практикум для студентов педвузов
ББК 81.2 (Англ.)
В 48
Печатается по решению
редакционно-издательского совета
Алтайской государственной акдемии образования
имени В. М. Шукшина
Рецензент: кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры английского языка ГОУ ВПО «АГАО им. » (г. Бийск).
Виноградова, Н. Г.
Практическая грамматика английскoгo языка: Морфология [Текст] : практикум для студентов педвузов / . ; Алтауская гос. Академия образования им. . – Бийск: ГОУ ВПО «АГАО», 2010. – 65 c. – 50 экз.
Издание предназначено для студентoв 2 курса oчнoгo отделения и студентов старших курсов заoчнoгo oтделения факультета инoстранных языкoв. Материал практикума включает в себя практические задания по темам курса практической грамматики для самостоятельной работы студентов.
Ó ГОУ ВПО «АГАО», 2010.
Ó , 2010.
CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................. 4
The subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood in simple sentences................................................. 6
The subjunctive mood in complex sentences............................................ 15
Revision………………………………………………………………..35
The modal verbs............................................................................................. 42
Can,/could................................................................................. 42
May/ Might.............................................................................. 45
Must/to be to/ to have to…………………………………48
Need……………………………………………………...53
Ought to/should………………………………………….56
Dare………………………………………………………60
Preface
The need to improve on pedagogical grammars must be recognized with regard to theoretical insight and practical needs. This practical course is devoted to the latter ones.
The material of the course conforms to the demands of the state programme standard and contains the following sections: “The Subjunctive Mood”, “The Modal Verbs”, “The Non-Finite Forms of the Verbs”. The textbook consists of three parts and contains practical grammar exercises in the grammar topics mentioned. It is intended for the full-time students of the second course and part-time students of the senior courses of the faculty of foreign languages.
“Practical English Grammar” is intended as a handbook for students of English, learners who are interested in the way in which the grammatical system of the English language can be described, understood and used.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
IN SIMPLE SENTENCES
Exercise 1. Analyse the form of the verb in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. If only he were younger!
2. Oh, that anybody could understand me!
3. Oh, were she less conceited!
4. If only what you say were true!
5. If there were the slightest possibility of his coming!
6. If only someone could have helped him then! But no, they all preferred to stay away.
7. Oh, that you had learned the news yesterday! It is too late now.
8. If only Laurie were really happy with him!
9. If only they had been happy when they when married!
10. If only somebody had recognized me! But after all those years it seemed all but impossible.
11. Oh, that I had believed his story before, Roger. Everything would be quite different now.
12. If only you knew!
13. She's a good nurse. If only she didn't boss her patients around!
14. If only he were not so difficult to follow!
Exercise 2. Use the correct form of the infinitives in brackets.
1. If only he (to have) something interesting to do!
2. If only they (not to bother) him now!
3. If only he (not to fall) into their trap then!
4. If only he (not to be) so silly!
5. Oh, that he (to help) her! But how could he, if she wouldn't accept his support?
6. If she (not to write) so much to her old pattern! The book could be more enjoyable then.
7. If only he (not to be) in pain! 8. If only the play (to come off) more quickly!
9. Oh, that he (to get) this appointment!
10. If only she (not to be) such a friendless failure when a child!
11. Oh, if we (to get rid of) that house long ago!
12. If there (to be) the slightest chance of her ever seeing my point of view!
13. If only he (to stop) sobbing his heart out! It's most depressing.
14. If only we (to spot) the trouble then! We could have avoided much grief.
15. If only someone (to understand) how he was suffering!
16. Oh, (to be) he less strict with his children!
17. Oh, that he (to stop) himself in time! Oh, that he (not to ask) that silly question!
18. If only he (to give) some rest!
Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences.
1. If only my parents... .
2. If only the travellers... .
3. Oh, that the driver... .
4. If only my teachers at school... .
5. If only the surgeon... .
6. If only the actors... .
7. If only the authorities... .
8. Oh, that the police... .
9. Oh, that the nurse... .
10. If only her face... .
Exercise 4. Translate into Russian.
1. I shall go to the theatre if I buy tickets.
2. If she doesn't come in time they'll be late for the concert.
3. If I get tickets for the evening performance in advance I'll ring you up.
4. He will write a letter today if he has free time.
5. Will you call me up if you come back early?
6. If you don't tell me the truth I shall never speak to you.
7. If you go to bed immediately we'll take you to the cinema tomorrow.
8. If they take a taxi they won't miss the train.
9. If you lend him the book he'll read it quickly.
10. The child will catch cold if he stays longer in the wind.
11. I'll finish the work in time if you stop interrupting me.
12. If I get money I'll buy this watch.
13. If you don't leave me at once I'll start crying.
Exercise 5. Complete the following sentences.
1. If she cuts her hair short... .
2. If the boy takes after his father... .
3. If he grows a beard... .
4. If her dress is ready in time for the party ... .
5. If she wears her new dress... .
6. If the woman pays more attention to her appearance... .
7. If you arrange your hair in a different way .... .
8. If the girl makes up heavily.... .
9. If you describe your sister to me... .
10. If the hat is becoming her...
11. If you try these shoes on... .
Exercise 6. Supply the following sentences with suitable if - clauses.
1. ... I'll work as a teacher.
2. ... she'll take her exam next week.
3. ... you'll improve your spelling.
4. ... we'll get these books in the library.
5. ... the students will copy the verse.
6. ... the lecture will begin in an hour.
7. ... you won't pass your exams.
8. ... my brother will begin to study Spanish.
they'll finish the translation in time.
I'll be able to prepare the text.
you'll get good marks.
we'll write the test-paper.
Exercise 7. Reword the sentences according to the example.
Example: Come home in time or else Mother will be angry with you.
If you don't come home in time, Mother will be angry with you.
1. Listen to the teacher attentively or else you won't understand anything.
2. Work at the language laboratory or else you won't improve your intonation.
3. Do your homework properly or else the teacher won't be pleased with you.
4. Read these books or else you won't be able to prepare a good report.
5. Speak English every day or else you won't master it.
6. Help her with English or else she won't pass her exam.
7. Do your best or else you won't catch up with the group.
8. Explain the rule to him or else he'll make more mistakes.
9. Put down your homework or else you won't remember it.
10. Lend her some money or else she won't buy this dictionary.
Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Если пойдет дождь, нам придется искать укрытие.
2. Если мороз усилится, дети останутся дома.
3. Вы простудитесь, если промочите ноги.
4. Если подует сильный ветер, вы замерзнете в своем легком пальто.
5. Если погода ухудшится, они отложат свою поездку за город.
6. Будет сильный дождь, если ветер не разгонит эти тучи.
7. Если лето не будет теплым, я останусь в городе, но не поеду на дачу.
8. Вы будете очень расстроены, если густой туман помешает вам увидеть наш город?
9. Если весь снег растает сразу, на улицах будет слякоть и грязь.
10. Если хорошая погода сохранится, мы поедем в воскресенье в лес за грибами.
11. Вы не получите никакого удовольствия, если начнет моросить дождь.
12. Дети будут только рады, если они попадут под ливень.
13. Если сегодня не будет очень ветрено, мы погуляем с вами по городу.
14. Фермеры быстро уберут урожай, если погода не изменится.
15. Если будет солнечная погода, она пойдет на пляж.
Exercise 9. Read the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.
1. If you spoke English every day you would speak it better.
2. If he improved his spelling he would get better marks.
3. If you were more attentive you wouldn't make so many mistakes.
4. If I were interested in the topic I'd choose it for my course-paper.
5. If she worked regularly she wouldn't have any difficulties with English.
6. If I were you I'd study Spanish.
7. If I knew Spanish I should read Spanish books in the original.
8. If you were practising hard you would improve your intonation.
9. If they wanted to get rid of their mistakes they would work more at the language laboratory.
10. If you wanted to speak grammatically, you would study books of grammar and the writing of the best authors.
11. If the subject were of interest for me, I should look through his articles.
12. If you didn't pass the exam, would you take it again?
Exercise 10. Supply the necessary forms of the Subjunctive Mood for the verbs in brackets. Refer the sentences to the Present.
1. If she... of the article now I... it to the newspaper (approve, send).
2. If he... they... the letter in the wall newspaper {'want, publish).
3. If the work... twice as difficult, I... to do it (be, refuse).
4. If we... him to go on with the experiment, we never... any peace (allow, have).
5. If it... summer we ... for a run in the country (be, go).
6. If he... himself my answer... the same (come, be).
7. If our talk... my brother who is working in the next room, I... you so myself (disturb, tell).
8. If you... in my place, tell me, what... you... (be, do)?
9. If my friend... to me that way I... offended (speak, feel).
10. She... our excursion even if you... her; she is ill (not join, invite).
11. If he... ordinary the girl... him (be, not love).
12. If it... oftener it ... good for the garden (rain, be).
Exercise 11. Answer the following questions.
1. What would you do if you were a student of Russian? a teacher? a writer? a doctor?
2. What would you do if it drizzled? if it looked like raining? if the weather were fine and frosty? if it were warm and sunny?
3. What would you be doing if you were at an English lesson? at a lecture? in the language laboratory? in the library? in the kitchen? in the bathroom? in the dining-room? in the bedroom? in the street? in the cinema?
4. Who would you consult if you fell ill?
5. Who would you like to be nursed by if you were ill?
6. Who would you complain to if you had a toothache?
7. Where would you be treated if you had a catching disease?
Exercise 12. Complete the following sentences.
1. If you were always near... .
2. If I ever told you a lie... .
3. If they really knew each other... .
4. If they were allowed their own way... .
5. If you left me alone in the house... .
6. If the weather weren't so nasty now... .
7. If he did his job in time... .
8. If you stayed with us in summer... .
9. If she liked apples ....
10. If we lived in Moscow.... .
11. If he worked harder ... .
Exercise 13. Supply the following sentences with suitable if - clauses.
1. ... you would get into trouble.
2. ... the man would return to his native place.
3. I'd be at a loss what to do if... .
4. He would visit us much oftener if... .
5. She would oblige me greatly if... .
6. I should feel much safer if... .
7. Where would you live if...?
8. We should miss the news on the radio if ... .
9. He would work in the garden if... .
10. The girl would buy this dress if... .
11. They wouldn't recognize me if... .
12. We should be tired if ... .
Exercise 14. Imagine something you want very much. Make your own statements as follows.
If only I had money I'd travel a lot. If only I had your talent I'd become a film-star.
Exercise 15. Translate into English, using the forms of the Subjunctive Mood referring to the Present.
1. Вы знали бы грамматику лучше, если бы уделяли ей больше внимания.
2. Если бы вы знали грамматику лучше, вы не делали бы так много ошибок.
3. На вашем месте я бы выучил сначала слова.
4. Если бы вас действительно интересовали иностранные языки, вы изучали бы их.
5. Если бы он не был занят, он помог бы нам. 6. Если бы она не была так упряма, она пошла бы с нами.
7. Если бы не было так холодно сейчас, мы пошли бы гулять в парк.
8. Было бы чудесно, если бы в субботу не было дождя.
9. Я научился бы водить машину, если бы она была у меня.
10. Если бы он вернулся, вы не узнали бы его, ведь прошло много времени.
11. Если бы он был сейчас в городе, он бы поздравил тебя с днем рождения.
12. Кто бы еще мог это сделать, если бы тебя не было здесь?
13. Они чаще ходили бы в музеи, если бы у них было больше свободного времени.
14. К кому бы вы обратились за помощью, если бы попали в беду?
Exercise 16. Read the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.
1. She wouldn't have come if she hadn't been invited.
2. We should not have lost our way if the night had not been so dark.
3. They would have sent us some information if there had been anything to send.
4. You'd have found your fountain-pen if you had looked for it better.
5. I should have recognized him at once if it hadn't been so dark in the room.
6. The accident wouldn't have happened if the driver had observed the traffic rules.
Exercise 17. Translate the sentences into English using the forms of the Subjunctive Mood referring to the Past.
1. Если бы он был свободен вчера, он навестил бы меня.
2. Если бы вы были вчера на концерте, вы получили бы большое удовольствие.
3. Если бы я знала об этой статье раньше, я перевела бы ее.
4. Соревнования состоялись бы, если бы не полил сильный дождь.
5. Он никогда бы не узнал меня, если бы я с ним не заговорила.
6. Девочка не волновалась бы так сильно, если бы ей не задавали так много вопросов.
7. Если бы вы помогли ей, она уже бы закончила работу.
8. Вы бы не устали так вчера, если бы больше отдыхали.
9. С ним ничего бы не случилось, если бы он не торопился.
10. Если бы вы попросили меня об этом неделю назад, я помогла бы вам сразу.
11. Если бы я был на вашем месте тогда, я поступил бы иначе.
12. Если бы вы просмотрели старые газеты, вы нашли бы интересный материал для своего доклада.
13. Если бы он был вчера в институте, мы встретили бы его.
14. Если бы мы отправили телеграмму вчера, они бы ее уже получили.
15. Если бы она зашла ко мне вчера, я бы помогла ей в этой работе.
16. Если бы вы не пропустили свой автобус, вы бы не опоздали в школу.
17. Я смог бы отремонтировать машину, если бы у меня были необходимые инструменты.
Exercise 18. Complete these sentences to make appropriate Subjunctive III or Mixed Subjunctive sentence, using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Example: If you...... (come) to the theatre yesterday, you ...... (enjoy) the play.
If you had come to the theatre yesterday, you would have enjoyed the play.
1. If I...... (visit) Athens last year, I ...... (phone) you.
2. If only I....... (know) you already had tickets, I........ (not get) any for you.
3. If you........ (start) coming to the course earlier, you...... (could pass) the exam.
4. If I....... (not be) so shy at the party last Saturday, I......... (might make) more friends.
5. If you....... (not spend) so much money, I....... (not be) angry now.
6. I........ (could become) an accountant if I...... (be) good at maths.
7. She........ (get) promotion last year if she.......... (not argue) with the boss.
8. He......... (not get) the job, if he......... (not wear) a tie.
9. If I......... (meet) you before, my life........... (be) different.
10. If he........ (not see) the other car, there.......... (be) a serious accident.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN COMPLEX
SENTENCES
Exercise 1. Analyse the form of the verb in j the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. It's necessary that no one should breathe a word about it to her.
2. It's so strange that your colleagues should have disagreed with you.
3. It was recommended that all papers be filed and locked.
4. It's highly improbable that she should be thinking of you now.
5. It is absolutely obligatory that all children here should wear uniform.
6. Isn't it doubtful that the journalists should have been given such an evasive answer?
7. It's better that your child shouldn't be vaccinated just now: wait a little.
8. Isn't it clear that every opinion should be taken into consideration?
9. Is it possible that the money should have been stolen? I doubt it.
10. How wonderful that he should have joined us!
11. It is likely that everything may change yet.
12. It's strange that he should have been rehearsing that bit so long: he doesn't know it at all.
13. I'm horrified that he should have been found guilty.
Exercise 2. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the pattern.
Pattern:
a) It's necessary for you to put off that call.
It's necessary that you should put off that call.
b) It was recommended to forget the whole matter.
It was recommended that the whole matter should be forgotten.
1. It was only right for them to have agreed.
2. It's very unusual for them to have admitted a stranger into their company.
3. It's strange for the case to have been solved so fast.
4. It is recommended to inform your tutor about your progress.
5. It's better for you not to answer back!
6. It was highly unnatural for him to be late.
7. It was thought unusual but not too strange for a person of his status not to have gone to that conference.
8. It is requested to report all breaks in the procedure at once.
9. It's unbelievable for ten-year-olds to have put up such a good show!
10. It was considered obligatory then for the girls to learn to dance.
11. It was thought unbelievable for the junior staff members to complain.
12. It's doubtful they produced such good result
13. Isn't it amazing that he got so near to the truth without any assistance?
Exercise 3. Use the infinitives in brackets in the correct form.
1. It's necessary that we (to help) him.
2. It's strange that they (to help) him – usually he doesn't accept support from anyone.
3. It's highly unlikely that he (to give) help – no one would have wanted to support him.
4. Isn't it strange that they (to expect) an answer all those months? Why didn't they drop the whole thing?
5. Is it possible that the Board (to give) serious thought to that idea?
6. It's improbable that he (to bite) by his own dog.
7. It was recommended that the out-dated system (to replace) with something more modern.
8. It was only right that this company's products (to boycott).
9. How wonderful that someone (to think) of everything beforehand!
10. How unfortunate that you (to let) that topic dominate your talk! You could have avoided that, you know.
11. I'm positively shocked that you (to fail) an easy test!
12. It's unlikely that your problem (to bring) to their attention already.
Exercise plete the following sentences.
1. It's incredible...
2. I'm greatly displeased...
3. Isn't it curious...?
4. It's typical...
5. It's odd..., isn't it?
6. It's funny...
7. In the past it was believed important...
8. Isn't it surprising ...?
9. It was obligatory...
10. Isn't it splendid...
11. It's amusing...
Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
1. Вам необходимо уехать как можно скорее.
2. Желательно, чтобы вы приняли участие в выставке.
3. Не может быть, чтобы вы собрались так быстро.
4. Cтранно, что никто до сих пор не додумался до такого простого решения.
5. Не может быть, чтобы вы не встречались раньше – он вёл себя так, как будто хорошо вас знает.
6. Совершенно необходимо, чтобы дети знали правила дорожного движения.
7. Невероятно, что он уже на ногах после сложной операции.
8. То, как Джейн вела себя при встрече с вами совершенно необычно. На неё это непохоже.
9. Возможно, мы еще встретимся.
10. Рекомендуется прочитать текст целиком, прежде чем браться за перевод.
11. Не может быть, чтобы вам не дали возможности доказать, что вы здесь ни при чем.
12. Как странно, что Бет не сообщила, где находится.
Exercise 6. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the pattern.
Pattern:
a) I'd like your work to be flawless.
I wish your work were flawless.
b) I am sorry (It's a pity) you didn't see the fireworks.
I wish you had seen the fireworks
c) I'd like you to stop teasing your sister!
I wish you would stop teasing your sister!
1. I'm sorry you can't go with us. 2. I'd like this horrible day to be over.
3. I'm sorry you aren't enjoying the film.
4. I'd like him to stop smoking. (But I have no real hope he will).
5. It's a pity we can't be as business-like about it as you are.
6. I'm sorry you couldn't come to the yesterday's party.
7. It's a pity I haven't got a car.
8. It's a pity Joan was asked to leave.
9. I'm sorry you didn't pass the exam.
10. It's a pity you haven't been revising enough.
11. It's a pity he doesn't have a job like yours.
12. I'm sorry I can't go to the disco tonight. I've got too much work to do.
13. I'd like them to make it up. (But I have no real hope they will).
14. I'm sorry you had to wait.
15. It's a pity you have been waiting so long.
16. I'm sorry you didn't find that key.
17. It's a pity you missed the exhibition.
18. I'd like him to realize the truth. (But I have no real hope he will).
19. It's a pity. she is no longer in touch with modern life.
20. I'd like him to know nothing about this case.
21. It's a pity he is being so touchy today.
22. It's a pity you haven't bought that cottage.
23. It's a pity you can't adjust to the climate.
24. It's a pity she has to leave so soon.
25. He is sorry to have taken this to heart.
Exercise 7. Use the infinitives in brackets in the correct form.
1. «Are you happy with your job?» «I wish I (to be).»
2. I wish I (to know) him before.
3. I wish he never (to invite) here!
4. I'm afraid she is over-conscientious. I wish she (to pay) less attention to her work.
5. Timmy wishes he (can go) to the summer camp with the rest of the children.
6. I wish you (not to look) so unbearably surprised. You have known everything all along, haven't you?
7. «Do you regret you've said it?» «I don't regret anything, no. I only wish I (to express) myself more clearly.»
8. «I'm sure he now wishes he (not to show) me that picture.» «A little too late, isn't it?»
9. «I'm not upset, I tell you. I only wish everybody (to stop) being so sympathetic.»
10. Jillian wished she (can allow) to see the patient, though no one had been.
11. I wish you (not to show) so much curiosity. It wasn't proper.
12. I wish Bill (not to disappear) so quickly. I wanted to ask him something.
13. She almost wished he (to be) home again, wished they (not to part)...
14. «Is there any other way?» «I wish there (to be).»
15. I wish you (to reckon) with the possibility of an inquest before you stole that money.
16. It was a bad ten days. Jeremy nearly wished he (not to refuse) Tony's offer and now (to stay) at his place: he wouldn't be so lonely there.
17. You couldn't escape that topic for long. It was always there that season, hanging in the air, drifting under doors, perched on shoulders like an albatross... Carol wished she (not to hear) the word every time she entered someone's house. She wished the story (to forget). She wished the journalists, the public in general and her neighbours in particular (can tell) that she and her husband were in Europe. She wished they (to be) in Europe.
Exercise 8. Analyze the form of the verb in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. I find it highly improbable that we should receive no answer at all: we will, but not the answer you hope for.
2. They feel it advisable that the general public be kept in the dark about the matter.
3. She found it unbelievable that Johnny shouldn't have been admitted to the club.
4. I consider it probable that they should have been given a negative answer.
5. Don't you find it strange that he should be checking all the papers himself? What's wrong?
6. Didn't you think it best that everything be settled quietly?
7. Marie considered it doubtful that her company should give her a pay rise.
8. I think it absolutely necessary that you should report directly to me and double check every point before you do that.
9. Don't you find it impossible that he should have been worrying about it all the time?
10. We consider it totally unnecessary that he be bothered again. Why can't you leave well alone?
Exercise 9. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the pattern.
Pattern: I consider it impossible for him to have gone there alone.
I consider it impossible that he should have gone there alone.
1. They consider it of vital importance to receive correct data.
2. I felt it impossible for the book to have been published so soon.
3. She found it important to chair the meeting herself.
4. Terry finds it best to exclude Robert from sources of information.
5. Margaret thought it dangerous to switch elf the power herself.
6. He thought it unnecessary to maintain the Department at its present size,
7. Don't you find it ridiculous that they have been living here for more than a year and still don't know anything or anyone?
8. I find it shocking to be treated like that!
9. Do you believe it true for her to have been taken ill so suddenly?
10. I find it advisable for her not to conduct that interview herself.
11. Didn't they suppose it strange for the troops to have been withdrawn so suddenly?
12. Why do you find it obligatory for us to participate in this farce?
13. Don't you think it wonderful for us to have been invited there? We'll see all the celebrities!
14. I believe it dangerous for him to be going around asking questions.
Exercise 10. Use the infinitives in brackets in the correct form.
1. We found it absolutely necessary that everyone (to participate) in the discussion.
2. I think it doubtful that his yesterday's lecture (to attend) by so many students: he is not what I would call a good teacher.
3. Didn't you think it strange that he (to give) time off for good behaviour?
4. Do you think it doubtful that they (to threaten) by a blackmailer and had to pay him?
5. I feel it advisable that you (to practice) more.
6. I found it shocking that Jean (to bar) from the graduation ceremony, though I can't approve of what she had done.
7. We consider it incredible that he (to write) yet another page-turner: everyone thought he had exhausted that theme.
8. I sat nailed to my seat, finding it unbelievable that no one (to notice) what was going on before their eyes.
9. Everyone found it surprising that she (to make) such efforts to educate herself.
10. Do you think it desirable that your children (to make) to wear uniform?
11. Don't you find it surprising that a nine-year-old (to solve) a Rubik's Cube so quickly?
12. I had been having a grinding headache for an hour. Now it was slowly draining away and I thought it strange that I (to fail) to think of Percodan before.
Exercise 11. Complete the following sentences.
1. Do you find it essential...?
2. I find it curious...
3. Do people nowadays find it necessary …?
4. Students nowadays (don't) consider it obligatory...
5. Everyone found it amusing...
6. Why do you feel it funny...?
7. Didn't the Board find it important...?
8. I usually think it surprising...
9. I think it best...
10. The public think it better...
11. I consider it highly doubtful...
Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
1. Почему вы считаете важным, чтобы в книге была упомянута его фамилия?
2. Не кажется ли вам странным, что его уже несколько дней никто не видел?
3. То, что Тим с ним теперь не разговаривает, кажется мне вполне естественным, а вам?
4. Я нахожу маловероятным, чтобы его мнение не было принято во внимание.
5. Почему то, что с ним там плохо обращались, кажется вам невозможным?
6. Доктор полагает, что мне необходимо бросить курить.
7. Мне не кажется, что такое поведение нормально.
8. Он полагает, что для нас лучше всего было бы забыть об этом деле.
9. Вам не кажется странным, что за все это время Фил ни разу не дал о себе знать?
10. Мне представляется невероятным, чтобы ему разрешили поехать туда одному.
Exercise 13. Analyse the form of the verb in the following sentences. Translate the sentence into Russian.
1. He felt as if he were a student again.
2. She looked as though she had always known something like that would happen.
3. It was as if he were looking at himself and heard his own voice say «I don't know.»
4. It's not as if you owed him anything.
5. It's not as if they had done anything wrong!
6. It seems as if the house had been broken into.
7. It seemed as if he was being talked into something illegal.
8. The food tasted and smelt as if no one had bothered to cook it.
9. «Don't touch it!» That sounded as if she really had a right to give orders.
10. Joseph felt as though he had been betrayed.
11. My advice is that you should take someone with you.
12. My dearest wish is that my daughter should marry a young man I could approve of.
13. Our suggestion was that we take a tour round the city before going to the gallery.
14. His fear was lest he should be given away.
15. Tara’s apprehension is lest someone should discover her secret.
16. The lawyer’s demand was that the trial be moved to another country.
17. The motion was that the grand jury indict him.
18. My fear was lest Ethel should notice her purse was missing.
19. Our main condition was that the paper should be signed by two witnesses.
20. The old man's wish was that we should not leave him alone.
Exercise 14. Use the correct form of the infinitives in brackets.
1. He felt as if Robert (to be about) to tip him, but thought better of it.
2. The house looked as though it (not to use) for years.
3. It was as if they still (to deceive) themselves.
4. He looked as if he just (to wake up).
5. It's not as if he (to want) to hurt you or something. It was just a joke, you know.
6. It seemed as if he (to be going) to answer back.
7. They all felt as if the boy (to conceal) something, but they couldn't find out what.
8. The room smelt as if someone (to smoke) there.
9. Her manner is humiliating, it's as if she (to be) the boss around here.
10. He always looks as if he (to be) a little dumb, but believe me he's no fool.
11. It looks as if he still (may write) that book he so desperately wants to publish. It seemed as if no one (to discover) their plot yet.
12. It looked as if no one (can get) past him. But there was someone in the house –someone had got past him.
Exercise 15. Complete the following sentences.
1. The house was empty. It was as if...
2. Don't pout. It's not as if...
3. Stay back! It's not as if...
4. I feel as if...
5. The cake tastes as if...
6. Your words sound as though...
7. She was desperate. She felt as though...
8. They were exhilarated. They felt as if...
9. The patient request was …
10. Their secret plan was …
11. He was on the verge of tears. He sounded as if ...
12. His blinding headache was draining away now. He felt as if …
Exercise 16. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. Define the type of clause.
1. Она побледнела, как будто внезапно плохо себя почувствовала.
2. Ситуация выглядела так, будто всё было подстроено заранее.
3. Он говорил так серьёзно, будто это вопрос жизни и смерти.
4. Казалось, им больше ничего не угрожает.
5. У меня было такое чувство, будто за мной кто-то наблюдает.
6. У вас такой вид, словно вы не можете решить, что вам делать.
7. Майк выглядит таким счастливым, как будто ему только что сообщили какую-то отличную новость.
8. Она быстро подняла письмо, как будто не хотела, чтобы его кто-нибудь заметил.
9. Мне кажется, что он не сам всё это придумал. У него такой вид, будто он повторил чьи-то слова.
10. Джейн слушала меня с улыбкой, как будто не понимала, насколько всё это серьезно.
11. Он ведёт себя так неосторожно, как будто ему всё равно, что с ним случится.
12. Почему ты так себя ведешь? Ведь ты уже не ребёнок!
14. Смотрите, Ник разговаривает с ней, как ни в чём не бывало (как будто ничего не случилось).
15. Кажется, они очень хорошо знают друг друга.
16. Кажется, когда-то они очень хорошо друг друга.
17. С каждым днем ему всё больше казалось, он никогда не уезжал из этого дома, что он жил здесь всегда.
18. Мой вам совет – начните готовиться к замену заранее.
19. Мы все боялись, как бы крыша дома не рухнула.
20. Требуется, чтобы это правило соблюдали все.
21. Он опасался, что над его предложением будут смеяться.
22. Единственное приемлемое предложение заключалось в том, чтобы оставить всё как есть.
Exercise 17. Analyse the form of the verb in the following sentences. Translate the sentence into Russian.
1. No matter how unpleasant the job might you have no other choice but take it.
2. Unpleasant as the job might be, you have other choice but take it.
3. No matter what he may have been once, he has no right to give me advice.
4. Though he might have been hurt, he pretended otherwise.
5. Although he might have been planning son mischief, he is quite harmless now.
6. Whichever of the books you may choose, they are both too complicated for you.
e what may, I'll stick to my choice.
8. Whoever may come and ask for me, tell them I'm out.
9. Whenever he might be asked for money, he always says he's broke.
10. I'll go and see him whatever you might say.
11. Even if he were living here, he wouldn't bother to join us.
12. I wouldn't marry him even if he offered me a million pounds.
13. Even though we had been offered better terms, we would never have agreed.
14. He would've accepted our plan even if he'd had some misgivings, but he hadn't any.
15. She wouldn't have bought that hat even if the price suited her.
Exercise 18. Use the infinitives in brackets in the correct form.
1. Whatever his faults may (to be), he is a first-class man at his job.
2. Whatever his faults may (to be), he's done a lot to get rid of them.
3. «Comfortable though my life may (to be) here,» he wrote, «I must now leave.»
4. Whatever they may (to think) of it before, they have obviously changed their mind.
5. Suspicious as his story may (to be), that was the only account we had at the moment. Now we have some more, and all of it confirms what he said.
6. No matter how tired Julian might (to seem), at the mention of money his eyes sparkled.
7. Whichever of you two may (to do) it, he'd better tell me about it.
8. Though she may (to change) after all these years, I easily recognized her.
9. Tired though he might (to feel), he proceeded the investigation.
10. Whoever might (to be) capable of doing such a thing, should also be able to answer for it.
11. Though he may (to be) pleased with his daughter’s progress, he never showed it.
12. However sincere his apology may (to be), it will never be accepted.
13. However dangerous this road may (to be), I’m still willing to try it.
14. I never (to say) anything against him he (to betray) me again.
15. They (not to win) that match even if they (to play) twice as well as they did.
16. Even though everyone (may think) he was wrong, he (not to agree).
17. She (cannot join) our group even if she (to invite). She was busy that day.
18. You (may think) with your head at least once even if it (to hurt).
19. It is so dark we (cannot see) anything even if we (to guess) to take a torch with us.
20. Even if I (not to know) him so well, you (not to persuade) me to blame him.
21. Mildred (not to achieve) anything even if she (to be) less lazy.
Exercise 19. Make up sentences using the following clauses.
1) although the weather might be bad; 2. matter how awful the situation might be;
3) though he might have been deceived once;
4) however hard he might try;
5) whatever your problems might be;
6) whatever you may think;
7) although there might have been some misunderstanding;
8) whoever might object;
9) wherever you may go;
10) difficult though it may seem;
11) although no one might come;
12) no matter what might have been said about it before.
Exercise plete the following sentences using the adverbial clauses of concession.
1. ... he still never grumbles.
2. ... I'll be glad to see you.
3. ... they'll never get there.
4. ... I'll do everything to help you.
5. ... her memory never failed her.
6. ... he'll never make it.
7. ... the company is still eager to give him promotion.
8. ... they'll pretend nothing has happened.
9. ... no one objected.
we'll come there on time.
Exercise 20. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
1. He верьте ему, что бы он ни говорил.
2. Как бы тщательно вы всё ни планировали, неожиданности всегда возможны.
3. Каким бы честным он ни был раньше, сейчас он очень изменился.
4. Вам придется выполнять мои распоряжения, что бы вы об этом ни думали.
5. Каким бы доверчивым он ни был, этому он не поверит.
6. Когда бы вы к нему ни пришли, он всегда занят.
7. Я куплю этот дом, сколько бы он ни стоил.
8. Позвоните мне, как только приедете домой, как бы поздно это ни было.
9. Что бы ни случилось, я не покину вас.
10. Что бы с ним ни случилось, в газетах пока нет об этом никакой информации.
11. Как бы вы ни торопились, правила дорожного движения нужно соблюдать.
12. Кто бы ни пришел к ним в дом, он всегда встречал радушный прием.
13. Даже если бы вы помогли ему, он бы всё равно не справился с заданием.
14. Даже если бы в расследовании были задействованы большие силы, это не принесло бы результата.
15. Я не поверил бы тому, что вы о нём говорите, даже если бы мы с ним не были знакомы с детства.
16. Я был бы вам благодарен, даже если бы вы сделали для меня наполовину меньше.
17. Она не бросит свою работу, даже если бы ей предложили что-нибудь более увлекательное.
18. Он не стал бы с вами спорить, даже если бы думал, что может переубедить вас.
Exercise 21. Paraphrase the following sentences using adverbial clauses of comparison.
1. Dinny stopped as if having just realized what she was saying.
2. «What's the matter?» he asked as if not knowing the reason.
3. He left so quickly one might think someone was pursuing him.
4. Ron was asking one question after another as if in a hurry to get all the information he could.
5. She passed by as if not recognizing him.
6. He paused as if afraid to go on.
7. Don't stop in the middle of the phrase as if not knowing your lesson.
8. She clasped her hands as though having received a death blow.
9. On seeing her note he stood as if struck.
10. She was leaning on the cushions as if not having yet recovered.
11. Tina smiled as if happy with the news.
12. «Why are you staring at me? Have I third eye?»
13. Johnny paused as if searching for words.
14. When he entered, everyone in the room looked up as if having seen a ghost.
15. She was sure of the outcome as if having received some inside information.
Exercise 22. Complete the following sentences using adverbial clauses of comparison.
1. Jane hid the book she was reading as if …
2. He lay motionlessly as though...
3. He stood speechless as if...
4. He was too sympathetic as though...
5. She sobbed wildly as if...
6. He curbed his urge to laugh as if...
7. He stared at his watch as if...
8. The police launched investigation as if...
9. She pouted as if...
10. He gave the problem little consideration if...
Exercise 23. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
1. На все мои вопросы он отвечал таким тоном, словно эта беседа его совершенно не интересовала.
2. Он чувствовал себя неловко, как будто все присутствующие смотрели на него.
3. Стены в комнате были покрыты тёмными пятнами, как будто её давно не ремонтировали.
4. Она говорила таким уверенным тоном, словно знала ответы на все вопросы.
5. Джулия оглядывалась на ходу, как будто за ней кто-то гнался.
6. Он работал всё быстрее, как будто что-то подсказывало ему, что времени осталось совсем немного.
7. Не смейте обращаться с ней как с ребёнком.
8. Он не хотел уходить, как будто боялся, что без него мы упустим что-нибудь важное.
9. Лилиан говорила с ними так, словно они уже обо всем знали, словно слухи уже могли дойти до них.
10. Она сообщила нам о своём отъезде таким тоном, словно мы её чем-нибудь обидели.
11. Он так радовался, словно именно о таком подарке мечтал всю жизнь.
Exercise 24. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the pattern.
Pattern:
1. I left a note on the table to remind you about the call. (so that)
2. I left a note on the table so that it should remind you about the call.
3. I took twenty driving lessons to pass my driving test first time. (so that)
4. We arrived at the cinema early so as not miss the beginning of the film. (so that)
5. We stood up in order to get a better view what was going on. (that)
6. Mr. Jones bought a second car for his wife to learn to drive. (so that)
7. I'm going to sign the agreement immediately. You might change your mind. (in case)
8. Take this key with you. You might not be able to get into the house. (in case)
9. I'm going to take my passport with me. I might need it. (in case)
10. Go by train. There might be a lot of traffic the road. (in case)
11. I spoke slowly and clearly because I want the audience to understand. (so that)
12. Put on your coat. It might get pretty cold] the evening. (in case)
13. He saved money for his family to go to Europe in summer. (so that)
14. She went downstairs quietly so as not to draw attention. (in order that /lest)
15. They tried to placate the mob as they didn't want the trouble to break out again. (so that/ lest)
16. He stepped back for her to see everything better. (that)
Exercise 25. Complete the following sentences using adverbial clauses of purpose.
1. We took a taxi...
2. They telephoned the manager...
3. He concentrated on his work...
4. She practices every day...
5. You must find a good dentist...
6. They never punish their children...
7. I put a notice there...
8. They slowed down the investigation...
9. He took great risks...
10. Don't hold back your views...
11. He sent his son to a prep-school...
12. Change your approach...
Exercise 26. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
1. Учитель объяснил правило ещё раз, чтобы всё было ясно.
2. Смотрите под ноги, чтобы не упасть.
3. Я сообщаю вам об этих изменениях для того, чтобы вы ещё раз обдумали моё предложение.
4. Закройте дверь, чтобы не было сквозняка.
5. Она отвернулась, чтобы никто не заметил, что она плакала.
6. Ей пришлось вмешаться в их спор, чтобы они не поругались окончательно.
7. Зажгите настольную лампу, чтобы вам было удобнее работать.
8. Услышав, что Питер возвращается, Джил положила конверт на место и закрыла ящик стола (a drawer), чтобы он не заметил, что она что-то искала.
9. Ему пришлось повторить стихотворение ещё Раз, чтобы не забыть его.
10. Полицейские обошли всех соседей, чтобы узнать, не слышали ли они чего-нибудь.
11. Тим просил тщательно завернуть вазу, чтобы она не разбилась.
12. Этот знак поставлен здесь для того, чтобы все обратили внимание на опасность.
13. Я произнесу его фамилию по буквам, чтобы вы ее правильно записали.
14. Они спорили шепотом, чтобы дети не узнали об их размолвке.
15. Уберите отсюда сумку, чтобы кто-нибудь не споткнулся.
REVISION
Exercise 27. Paraphrase the following sentences using the subjunctive mood. Analyze the sentences.
1. I've brought you here for you to see everything with your own eyes.
2. He thought it time to drop the matter completely.
3. If asked, he would know what to answer.
4. But for that mistake your work could be perfect.
5. It's absolutely impossible for us to act in a different way.
6. The inspector demanded to be shown the factory grounds.
7. But for your help the experiment would have gone sour.
8. Don't you find it strange for him to be late? It's high time for him to join us.
9. I'm sorry to bother you, but the chief insisted on your seeing him before you leave.
10. Even if tired, he found time to answer every question.
11. She interfered with their argument as if having a right to do so.
12. I find it better for them to reconsider while there is still time for it.
13. We would have sailed out even in strong wind.
14. Everyone was appalled by the idea of inviting Vivian too.
15. My only wish is to see you happy.
16. «Tell me how it happened.» No sooner had he started than I regretted I had asked.
Exercise 28. Paraphrase the following sentences using the subjunctive mood. Analyze the sentences.
1. Martin looked around him as if not knowing where he was.
2. Martin looked amused as if having just heard a joke.
3. Have you arranged for our things to be taken to the hotel?
4. His demand to be given access to the files was refused.
5. He seemed to have done nothing wrong. It was a pity I couldn't believe him.
6. I've just phoned home for my parents to know where I am.
7. Why do you expect me to do it? I don't think I promised anything. (It's not as if...)
8. I'm sorry to have come here at all. It's a pity you invited me.
9. I did everything for her not to worry. I was very anxious for her not to be disturbed by the news.
10. Why don't they stop this constant noise?
11. I regret having brought you here. But I did it for you to be able to judge for yourself.
12. Don’t you think it strange for Karen to have forgotten to call?
13. Even if threatened, he wouldn’t have changed his mind.
14. The fear that he wouldn’t be recognized never left him.
15. Mother suggested our going to the hospital at once. Everyone agreed.
Exercise 29. Analyze the form of the verb in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. No one objected to his demand that he should be paid his regular fee.
2. No one objected to his demand that he be paid regularly.
3. His fear that anyone should see him was deep.
4. The new instruction that progress reports should be submitted once a week surprised everyone, but was nevertheless followed.
5. She expressed our common wish that the subject be given serious attention.
6. I could not hide my disbelief that my colleagues should have done so well without me white had been ill.
7. Strong apprehension lest someone should reveal her secret was written all over her face.
8. Why didn't you stop him when he voiced that silly proposal that we should not attend the session?
9. Everyone thought his fear lest his real name be found out groundless.
10. His request that we should both join the investigation intrigued us.
11. I think Peter's suggestion that we should go to the bar and try to recover from the jet lag is reasonable.
12. I agree that his idea that we go to Alaska in summer was a little bit sudden.
13. It was my suggestion that you should join us.
Exercise 30. Complete the following sentences.
1. The instruction... was followed.
2. The motion... was supported by the majority.
3. Your doubt... is groundless.
4. I support your demand...
5. I have nothing against your wish...
6. Their fear... was getting on my nerves.
7. I consider the request... important.
8. I heartily disagree with the idea...
9. His surprise... was obvious.
10. The proposal... intrigued me.
11. I was quite sceptical of their proposition...
12. He voiced his curious idea...
13. As I had no way out, I was forced to consider the idea... again.
14. Their fear... was totally incomprehensible.
15. It was/wasn't my idea...
Exercise 31. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
1. Меня расстроило ваше распоряжение о том, чтобы наш отдел был закрыт.
2. Марджори высказала общее пожелание всех сотрудников, чтобы часть столовой была отведена для некурящих.
3. Предложение, заключавшееся в том, чтобы сделать перерыв, устраивало всех.
4. Мистер Грин подумал, что просьба Майка о повышении зарплаты несвоевременна.
5. Большинство проголосовало за предложение, заключавшееся в том, чтобы отложить обсуждение данного вопроса на какое-то время.
6. Меня удивила его просьба о том, чтобы ему позволили взглянуть на портрет до того, как он был закончен.
7. Опасения, как бы его обман не раскрылся, мешали ему сосредоточиться.
8. Арчи не поверил, что друзья могли так подвести его.
9. Я ни на чем не настаивал. Я только высказал пожелание, чтобы в следующий раз этот вопрос без меня не обсуждали.
10. Все одобрили план, заключавшиеся в том, чтобы вначале выслушать экспертов, а потом принимать решение.
11. Мне кажется, что постоянный страх, как бы его не уволили, не имеет никаких оснований.
12. Кто придумал разбить лагерь именно здесь?
Exercise 32. Analyze the form of the verb in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. It's time the child were in bed.
2. It's high time someone stepped in and stopped this meaningless quarrel.
3. Isn't it time you took some action against them?
4. «It's time someone gave me a hand!» The remark went unnoticed.
5. It's about time he was given another chance.
6. Isn't it time that you should stop waiting for an opportunity to be offered you on a silver platter?
7. Don't you think it's time you were working on your project?
8. Can't the child behave? It's high time someone told him that won't do.
9. It's time you should be doing something with your life. It's time you were looking for a place to settle in.
10. Isn't it high time she gave up on that idea?
11. Michael was about five when his father thought it was time he should study music.
12. It's time he were having breakfast, isn't it?
Exercise 33. Use the infinitives in brackets in the correct form.
1. It's high time you (to do) something about that dripping tap!
2. It's time the problem (to deal with).
3. Don't you find it's time that someone (to tell) our supervisor that the experiment is going wrong?
4. Isn't it time he (to be) home?
5. It's about time we (to tell) about your plans.
6. Are you still reading? It's time you (to work) again.
7. Late again? It's time you (to look) for another job! 8. It's time someone else (to ask) to attend this boring conference – just for a change.
9. It's high time you (to stop) daydreaming.
10. It's time he (to consult) his colleagues, isn't it?
11. It's time some changes (to made) in the Department. They are long overdue.
12. It's time it (to become) clear to you how total the failure is.
13. It's high time something (to do) about this case – and quickly.
14. It's time that someone else (to chair) the meeting.
15. It's high time you (to consider) your position instead of being so sure of yourself.
16. The same story? It's time you (to think) of something more credible.
17. Isn't it high time you (to be) on first-name terms with Doris?
Exercise 34. Paraphrase the following sentences using attributive clauses.
1. They've been parted for a long time. It's time for him to forget about her.
2. It's time for us to be given a definite answer.
3. Angela has known me for ages. It's time for her to get used to my ways.
4. It's time for you to know the meaning of the proverb «It never rains but it pours».
5. If you want anything done properly, you should start doing it yourself.
6. The scheme is outdated. It's time for some improvement.
7. I've just had bad luck. It's about time for something good to happen.
8. Isn't it necessary to put an end to her nagging?
9. Why don't you ever speak up?
10. You've been learning English for some time. Why can't you spell this word yet?
11. It's time to be going home, I think.
12. It's high time for my fortune to take the turn for the better.
13. Isn't it time for all of us to put some pressure on him? Otherwise he might never listen to our demands.
14. Why don't you tell them anything about your decision?
15. Why don't they tell you anything about their decision?
16. They had put the company together on a wing and a prayer. But now it was time for everyone to take them into account.
17. It's no use reasoning with him. Why don't you stop?
Exercise 32. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
1. Уже двенадцать. Пока выключать телевизор и ложиться спать.
2. Тим звонил нам уже час назад. Ему давно пора прийти.
3. Вам не пора уходить?
4. Вы уже давно работаете здесь. Пора научиться соблюдать наши правила.
5. Вам не кажется, что детям давно пора быть дома.
6. Вы поссорились из-за пустяка. Пора бы и помириться.
7. Пора бы вам перестать жаловаться и начать действовать.
8. Скоро экзамены. Вам не пора начать заниматься?
9. Мне кажется, тебе пора бросить курить. Пора, по крайней мере, попытаться.
10. Нас слишком долго держат в неведение. Пора бы уже хоть что-нибудь нам объяснить.
11. Не пора ли выяснить, что произошло на самом деле?
12. Не пора ли уделить внимание и этой проблеме?
THE MODAL VERBS
CAN, COULD
Exercise 1. Translate into Russian and comment on the use of the modal verb «can».
1. I am sorry you won't let me look at the picture once again. But that can't be helped.
2. These words were unexpected for me, so what could I do or say?
3. I could not possibly let him tell Mother what he really thought of her.
4. 'Well, as soon as you are dry, you shall be varnished and framed, and sent home. Then you can do what you like with yourself. (0. Wilde)
5. My head was still dizzy, my sight was dim, and my limbs were feeble; I could not soon recover myself.
6. You can't have forgotten that you assured me most solemnly that nothing in the world would induce you to send it to any exhibition.
7. I wish I could believe you were lying: I wish it more now than ever; since even you cannot explain this mystery to me.
8. I cannot explain it to you but I have a subtle premonition of something terrible that is in store for us all.
9. Can it be that Jonathan had betrayed her feelings, her devotions, her affection towards the best in his nature?
10. There can have taken place a miracle for how, otherwise, they would be able to get through it all? How can they have forgotten the hostility separating them for decades?
11. Agnes left a couple of minutes ago and if you had come earlier you could have caught her.
12. You could have said at least that you did not agree with them. They don't know him as intimately as you do: you are his brother.
13. Can she have misplaced the jewels? By all means it is a good idea to warn the police about their loss.
Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with « can/could» followed by the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets.
1. ... this letter (to write) by Rodger a week ago? When I saw him last he did not even mention it to me.
2. Going to a picnic was a great pleasure for everybody; for the ladies... (to talk) over all their household problems, the gentlemen... (to discuss) politics without their family interfering and the children and dogs... do whatever they liked.
3. How... you (to trust) this man who has already caused so much trouble to your family by just his presence here?
4. Your answering machine has spoilt the last recording. I... (not to recognize) the voice though it seemed fairly familiar.
5. ... she already (to study) at the University? I remember her at the age of five; she was the most amusing child I have ever seen.
6. I've known him for already fifteen years and I am perfectly certain that he... (not to mean) that. You... (to misunderstand) him or vice versa.
Exercise plete the following sentences using «could» or «was/were able to».
1. It was a fine day yesterday, so we______have a picnic, and we enjoyed it very much.
2. He suddenly felt ill, but he______finish his speech, although at the end he could hardly stand.
3. He spoke very little French when he left school, but he______understand the language.
4. I got to the station at 9.50 a. m. and catch the 9.55 a. m. train. I was very pleased I didn't have to wait for the next train.
5. He has always been good at Math's. But even he _____ solve this difficult problem.
6. The town was full of visitors, and we didn't know where we would spend the night, but at last we ______ find two vacant rooms in a small hotel.
7. Before his illness, he______work fourteen hours a day if he had to.
8. He was very strong; he _______ ski all day and dance all night.
9. I was a long way from the stage. I ______ see all right but I _____not hear very well.
10. We ____ borrow umbrellas, so we didn't get wet.
11. When the garage had repaired our car we______continue our journey.
12. When I arrived everyone was asleep. Fortunately I _____wake my sister and she let me in.
Exercise 4.Translate into English using «can/could» or «was/were able to»:
1. Я не могу закончить работу сегодня.
2. Можете ли вы перевести эту статью на французский язык?
3. Неужели телевидение еще не сообщило о том, что произошло сегодня ночью?
4. Он смог починить свой велосипед, несмотря на то, что у него не было необходимых инструментов.
5. Когда он приехал в Лондон, он смог обойтись без переводчика.
6. В прошлом году он не мог бегло говорить по-английски.
7. Он смог починить свой велосипед, несмотря на то, что у него не было необходимых инструментов.
5. Когда он приехал в Лондон, он смог обойтись без переводчика.
6. В прошлом году он не мог бегло говорить по-английски.
11. Разве вам не сообщили о заседании?
12. Эту работу нельзя сделать в такой короткий срок.
13. Неужели вы не узнали меня? Мы учились с вами в одной школе.
14. Эти цифры можно найти в любом справочнике.
15. Не может быть, чтобы это было бриллиантовое кольцо. Слишком уж низка цена на него.
MAY, MIGHT
Exercise 5. Translate into Russian and comment on the use of the modal verb «may».
1. 'Shall I tell you of what I reminded me?' 'You may'. 'Of the foul German spectre – the Vampire'.
2. This picture may not be ever shown to the public; you must remember it very well.
3. I wanted to be weak that I might avoid the awful passage of further suffering I saw laid out for me.
4. Georgiana said that I might use the guest rooms in her village cottage as well as her conservatory and gardens.
5. You might have telephoned to the embassy and settled everything with the visa so that I might leave this country.
6. You must have gone by the side door: your boots are muddy.
7. Jack might often be seen sitting on the porch with a pipe in his mouth, contemplating.
8. I asked if he might bring his wife down next Saturday.
9. Aunt Augusta has invited us both for dinner next Sunday but she is afraid you might be bored.
10. There was so much they had shared together and so much more they might have shared that they had not.
11. Joney said that 1 might take his car whenever I wanted it.
12. 'Did she say where she was going?' 'She may have left a message.'
13. 'Did she say where she was going?' 'No, but she might have left a message. She knows I am always getting so nervous when she leaves all of a sudden.'
14. 'What has happened to the dog? It is not here.' 'Mom may have taken it round for a walk in the park.'
15. She gave a shrug of impatience. 'This affair may well fade into nothing.'
Exercise6. Fill in the blanks with «may/might » followed by the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets.
1. 'Who is this elegant woman walking through the garden together with Annie?' – 'I don't see from here but it... (to be) her mother. She is always so exquisitely dressed.'
2. '... I (to smoke) here?' – 'Yes, it's perfectly all right with me - I never mind when people smoke.'
3. 'I think we... (to go) skiing to Austria next February. I hope we'll do, Jacob is so keen on skiing.'
4. 'Where is Val?' – 'I am not certain... I think he... (to play) squash. Let's go and see if I am right.'
5. 'Where is Val?' – 'I have heard something about his love for plants and flowers. So he... (to go) already to the Botanic Gardens without waiting for us.'
6. Take your camera. There you... (to come across) something worth remembering.
Exercise 7. Supply the correct form of the verbs« can» and «may» in the sentences expressing permission and prohibition.
1. You... use my car tomorrow since I do not need it: I am staying at home.
2. 'e in?' 'Yes, do, please.'
3. You... not smoke here. Look, there is a «No smoking» sign over the door.
4. You... not do it without your parents' consent.
5. You... go now; but remember what I have told you.
6. I... not tell you about it. I have promised to keep silent about this.
7. You... not watch this film until you have completed your homework.
8. No one... sit down while the King is speaking.
9. Nigel said that I... stay in his apartment while he was in New York putting his affairs in order.
10. Colonel said that e and see him whenever I thought I had important information for him.
Exercise 8. Paraphrase the following sentences using the verbs «can/could» and «may/might» where possible.
1. Perhaps she was busy yesterday and couldn't finish the task in time.
2. Is it possible that he is a good tennis player? I have never known him to be a sportsman.
3. Perhaps you forgot to lock the car door and somebody has stolen it.
4. It is impossible that he should not know about his sister's arrival.
5. Perhaps he will come in time.
6. Is it possible that she has followed her parents' advice?
7. Perhaps he is having lunch now.
8. It is possible that he has already come and you will soon hear from him.
9. It is impossible, I think, to cross this river: it is too wide and full-flowing.
MUST, TO BE TO, TO HAVE TO
Exercise 9. Translate into Russian and comment on the use of the verb «must».
1. 'No, Basil, you must tell me,' insisted Dorian Gray. 'I have a right to know'.
2. Dorian shook his head. 'You must not ask me about that, Basil'.
3. I must part with you for my whole life and I must begin a new existence amongst strange faces and strange scenes.
4. Since I haven't seen anything, the vision you had must have been unreal.
5. That woman was, must have been Grace Poole.
6. I always have a warm corner for Roberta. I must try and find her before I go abroad.
7. 'When does Mr. Johnson come back?' 'Next month'. – 'You must be missing him terribly then'.
8. Mrs. Cromwell took us around her yacht. There was no doubt that it must have cost her a fortune.
9. 'Pull yourself together,' I said. 'You must be imagining all this'.
10. This house must have been pretty a long time ago.
11. Once a professional, one always must be a professional.
12. I haven't seen her for ages. She must have changed since then. I am sure I won't recognize her.
13. It must have been the golden hair that penetrated her with a sort of glowing and made her look like a fairy.
Exercise 10. Supply the correct form of the infinitive with the modal verb «must».
1. His mind turned to the accident. It was the kind of thing which must (not to occur) again.
2. It is lovely to have you home again. We must (to have) a party to celebrate your arrival.
3. 'I must (to get) old,' she said, 'to be talking like that'.
4. 'Nowadays big hotels must (to do) tremendous business,' thought old Jolyon.
5. 'You must (to be) right. I am not going to argue with you since I share your point of view.'
6. But at last he rose realizing dully that he had work which lit must (to do).
7. I must (to sit) there for a quarter of an hour waiting and thinking about it before I saw the letter.
8. He had said that he himself was an admirer of French philosophers. This must (to influence) him in making his decision.
9. At half past eight came Lucy, wet to the skin. She must (to wait) for Sid since the rain had started.
10. Someone of us two must (to go away) to prevent a disaster. We definitely can't work together.
11. The old lady must (to be) a beauty once. Susy wished to set Mrs. Durley's picture to find out if she was right.
12. Bring me that cigarette-case. It must (to lie) on the salver in the hall.
13. Nick brought the repaired bicycle. He must (to work) since early morning today to finish in time.
Exercise 11 A. Paraphrase the following sentences using «must» to express supposition. Try to avoid using the negative particle« not».
1. I am perfectly certain that he did not manage to catch the train.
2. I am sorry! Now I see that I did not recognize you.
3. I am sure that he was not noticed by anyone of us.
4. She definitely did not understand this rule.
5. He obviously did not know that he was awkward.
6. He evidently did not answer his mother's message.
7. He evidently wasn't worrying about anything.
B. Translate into English paying attention to the way you render supposition p the future and in negative sentences.
1. Он, должно быть, не осознавал, что вёл себя бестактно.
2. Они, должно быть, ничего не заметили и поэтому не стали волноваться.
3. Я, должно быть, не так произнесла Вашу фамилию! Извините!
4. Вы, должно быть, не осознали важности происходящего.
5. Скорее всего, он так ничего и не узнает.
6. Должно быть, он позвонит вам вечером. Не отходите от телефона.
7. Скорее всего, он решит это дело в вашу пользу.
Exercise 12. Fill in the blanks using the modal verbs to be to», «to have to» or «must».
1. Uncle Nick's things... to be moved out of his room so that it could be redecorated.
2. For the next few weeks I... to stay in bed. Everyone came to visit me and I... (not) to do the cooking.
3. The chief engineer who... to work for General Motors had not arrived yet.
4. They went to see Mabel's new house. Mabel said that only the last touches... to be added and she... to move into it quite soon.
5. That day I had my agent waiting to see me after his business trip to Italy and I... to cut my visitor short.
6. Both sisters... have been ashamed of having spoken as they had in front of a third person.
7. But at last he rose realizing dully that there was work which he... to do.
8. a) He looks very tired. He... have been working since breakfast.
b) He... to work hard to earn at least something to provide for his family
9. You... take the dog away. I won't have it here any longer.
10. At this boarding school the discipline is rather strict: the children... to go to bed at 8 o'clock.
11. My mother says that I... (not) to hurry home because she herself is out playing bridge.
12. a) My car is being repaired now and I... to walk here this morning.
b) My car was being repaired and 1 ... to collect it that afternoon.
13. a) He... to stay the night with us because I won't let him go out in such stormy weather.
b) He... to stay the night with us, for he has missed the train.
14. 'I told my husband that he... (not) to smoke in the sitting-room.' 'I... (not) to do so: my husband is a born gentleman and he never does it'.
15. In March I... to be in Manchester: I am invited as the best man to my best friend's wedding and according to his plans I... (not) to come back until early in April.
16. The new Governor... to arrive in then everything... to be ready to organize a fabulous meeting.
Exercise 13. Translate into English.
1. Эндрю должен был встретиться с Майком за ланчем на следующий день, но он не видел причины рассказывать об этом своему адвокату.
2. На следующий день Гринам показали Прадо, а вечером они должны были ужинать в Савое.
3. В это время Флору уже было обычно не застать в её кабинете.
4. По радио объявили, что вечером должен выступать президент.
5. Ночью корабль зашел в порт, где они должны были заправиться топливом и пополнить запасы пресной воды.
6. Он должен был привстать со своего места, чтобы увидеть, что происходило на трибуне.
7. В этот момент вошел Кларк, которого мне совсем не нужно было представлять гостям: он был слишком известен.
8. Мне нужно было всё ещё раз хорошенько обдумать, и вот я здесь и готов нести ответственность за всё.
9. Книге, на которую он потратил половину своей жизни, не суждено было появиться на свет до его смерти.
10. Они жили долго и счастливо и им суждено было умереть в один день.
11. Электричество и газ были отключены из-за разбушевавшегося шторма, и им пришлось готовить пищу на огне.
12. Он любил спать на улице, но в ту ночь поднялась буря, и ему пришлось перебраться в дом.
13. В это время, как обычно, Монику можно было видеть через распахнутое окно. Она играла на рояле один из вальсов Шопена (Chopin).
NEED
Exercise 14. Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. You needn't (send) the car for us, we could have walked.
2. She washed up all the plates, she needn't (wash) them up, because they had a dishwasher.
3. Why do you want to press the skirt? It is not creased at all. You needn't (press) it at all.
4. I knew I had to be at the office on Saturday; I needn't (remind).
5. You needn't (help) him. (You helped him but he didn’t need your help.)
6. He was wide awake when his mother called him at seven o'clock this morning; she needn't (call).
Exercise 15. Explain the meaning of «need» in the following sentences and translate them into Russian:
1. «Why don't you go and look at the snake?» her mother suggested. «You needn't go up close.»
2. It's not easy to hold responsibility. I needn't tell you that.
3. Angela opened the door and walked in. Her daughter was still up. «You needn't have stayed up, waiting for me,» said Angela.
4. If you don't like the cocktail, you needn't drink it.
5. «Do you remember what you did when you were twenty-five?» «You need not have reminded me of it.»
6. Need we insist upon the date?
7. You needn't worry.
8. Need you bring your girl-friend with you?
9. She said that if he didn't like to come to her parties he needn't come at all.
10. I was rather afraid that he might act as though we were intimate friends, which would have been embarrassing. But I need not have worried.
Exercise 16. Translate the following sentences into English using« need»:
1. To, что она сделала, так глупо, что нам незачем обсуждать это.
2. Озеро было так близко, что даже Алан, который не любил ходить пешком, согласился, что не нужно брать машину.
3. Нам не стоит варить всю картошку.
4. Нам нужно переодеться к обеду?
5. У нас еще масса времени. Мы зря спешили.
6. А нам обязательно туда идти?
7. Тебе незачем тратить на них все деньги.
8. «Я сказал твоему дяде, что поговорю е тобой». – «Ты напрасно беспокоился. Я пообещал своим родителям побыть здесь еще немного».
9. Ты знаешь детей. Они все ломают. Мне нет нужды говорить тебе об этом.
10. Он знал, что ему не надо никому ничего объяснять.
11. Я думаю, что нам незачем уделять ей столько внимания.
12. Тебе незачем бояться меня.
Exercise 17. Explain the meanings of «will» and «would» in the following sentences and say in which cases they may be used in a parallel way.
1. Old Lady Bland argued with him, but he would not listen to reason.
2. Each time we went out together he would show me something new, something interesting.
3. I will say it again and again.
4. He had a wound that wouldn't heal.
5. Bring him back, if he'll come.
6. All that I would tell them was that Uncle Nick was ill.
7. She was the sort of girl any man might be glad to bring to a dance if she would come.
8. I know there is a theory that a book, if it is any good, will always find a publisher.
9. When he returned I repeated my offer of food, but he would take nothing.
10. «What time is it?» «Half past twelve.» «Well, the last bus will have left.»
11. Of ten, after dinner, he will settle down in an armchair to read the paper.
12. He would smoke a pipe before going to bed.
13. Shut the door, would you?
14. «He talked of his new car the whole evening.» «He would.»
Exercise 18. Translate the following sentences into English using« shall» wherever possible:
1. Сколько мне заплатить носильщику?
2. Когда мы узнаем что-нибудь, вы непременно услышите об этом.
3. «Вы отпустите меня домой?» – «Нет. Во вторник ты отправишься пароходом в Сан-Франциско».
4. Это можно сделать и это будет сделано, если ты только поможешь мне.
5. «Тебе поиграть?» – спросила она. – «Да, пожалуйста».
6. Когда он говорит «Сделай», я отвечаю «Будет сделано».
Exercise 19. Translate the following sentences into English using «will» or«would»:
1. Пожалуйста, расскажи мне, что случилось.
2. Джон попытался открыть крышку бака, но она никак не поддавалась.
3. Я бы все сделал, чтобы помочь ему.
4. Он сказал, что был бы рад, если бы я согласился приехать и погостить у него несколько дней.
5. Он попытался объясниться, но я не стал его слушать.
6. «Он не согласился со мной». – «Он такой!»
7. Сегодня воскресенье, и все магазины, естественно, закрыты.
8. Он несколько раз чиркнул зажигалкой, но она не сработала.
9. Я спросил его жену, что с ним, но она не пожелала отвечать.
10. Вечера он по большей части проводил за игрой в шахматы.
11. Я заплатил деньги, и я останусь здесь.
12.Он погасил свет, но сон к нему не шел.
13. Я, пожалуй, пойду и посмотрю телевизор, если вы не возражаете.
14. Я хотел посмотреть выставку, но меня не впустили, так как было поздно.
15. «Дядя Эдвин, – позвал мальчик. – Ты обещал мне помочь с моим игрушечным поездом. Он не работает».
16. Я предложил ей сходить к доктору, но она и слышать не хотела об этом.
17. Он часто засыпал с книжкой в руках и с очками на носу.
18. После работы он обычно дожидался нас у моста.
OUGHT TO, SHOULD
Exercise 20. Use the required form of the infinitive after «ought to» and «should»:
1. But we ought (to have) your brother here, to tell us exactly how far we can go.'
2. Tea is between half past five and six, and it should (to be) ready now.
3. He couldn't see anything. He thought that he ought (to bring) a torch.
4. Should the baby (to play) with a box of matches?
5. If you're in love it ought (to make) you happy. You ought (to laugh).
6. The doctor said it was appendicitis and she ought (to operate) on.
7. You should (to see) him yesterday on horseback.
8. One day the headmaster came on Jack, who should (to sweat) on the sports ground, sitting comfortably in a gardener's shed reading a book and eating a large piece of cocoa-nut ice.
9. «Your father and I should (to arrange) everything before I came here,» he said.
10. Oughtn't you (to answer) that letter now?
11. Where is his car? He shouldn't (to leave) it unattended.
12. He drove at great speed. He knew that about this hour the guests should (to arrive) at his house.
13. «Well, I'm very glad to know at last what it was all about.» «You ought (to tell) before.»
14. Then he should (to laugh), but instead he heard himself saying: «Everything you say is quite true.»
Exercise. 21. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences choosing between «ought to» and «should».
1. He looked more than ever out of place; he... have stayed at home.
2. I don't think people... gossip like that about other people.
3. She said, «You know, I think I... get across to the station and see what goes on.»
4. I want him to do what's right. It... (not) be necessary to persuade a man to do that.
5. My mother frowned at him and shook her head in a way that meant that he... (not) say things like that in front of me.
6. «Strange,» said the boy, «how, when people are either very old or very young, they are always wanting to do something they ... (not) do.»
7. «It is very wicked of you,» she said. «You ... be ashamed of yourself.»
8. After she had gone I found myself wondering whether I... do anything for her.
9. I'll see and speak to Maurice. He... (not) behave like that.
10. I expect you to tell me the way to do it. You ... know.
11. She is a clever girl and her French... be perfect.
12. The children were out dancing when they... have been learning their lessons. 13.1 realize now I... (not) have said anything.
14. «I'm not very fit. I'm having trouble with my leg.» «I see. Well, I think you... go and see a doctor I know.»
15. Anne was quite capable of coming down to make herself a cup of cocoa when she... be asleep.
16. He felt very low and I thought I... do all I could to cheer him up.
Exercise 22. Translate the following sentences into English using «ought to» and «should» wherever possible:
1. Я прошу прощения. Мне не следовало это говорить.
2. Я думаю, вам следует проявлять больше уважения к старшим.
3. Я подумал, что тебе следовало бы знать об этом.
4. Теперь я расстроил ее. Мне не нужно было этого говорить.
5. «Я сказал что-нибудь такое, чего мне не следовало говорить?» – спросил он у матери.
6. Не стоит задавать таких вопросов.
7. Ну, что же, вы были правы. Мне не так надо было сделать это.
8. Как ты думаешь, чем мне следовало бы заняться?
9. Я был с тобой более откровенен, чем следовало бы.
10. Ей надо было бы раньше вспомнить об этом.
Exercise. 23. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs «must», «should» and «ought to» followed by the appropriate form of the infinitives in brackets.
1. You are grown up enough and you... (to know) that such things... (not to say) in public.
2. He could not see anything in the cave. He thought he... (to bring) a torch.
3. If one is in love it is only natural that he ... (to be) happy and radiant.
4. Then, logically, he... (to laugh) but he heard himself saying: 'You are absolutely right', instead.
5. How I... (to know) where you have left your glasses? They can be anywhere considering your absent-mindedness.
6. It is too late and you are exhausted after such an eventful day. I... (to think) about it and (to let) you have a rest.
7. You... (to take) a long walk every morning. Exercise will only do you plenty of good.
8. You... (to be) there with your friends, fighting. While they are risking their lives it's mean of you to stay here.
9. Children, you... (to say) good-bye to your granny and then we... (to go).
10. 'Who is going to come to young Collins' wedding?' 'I suppose, there... (to be) Nick and Sarah, since they are always invited to any of the gatherings organized by the Collins and the rest will be quite mixed.'
11. Molly telephoned that she was on her way home, so at any moment she... (to arrive).
12. How I... (to know) what you have told Michael? I did not hear your talk and I haven't seen Mike as yet.
13. There... (to be) many guests yesterday, I suppose: the Ox-leys are so hospitable.
14. She... (to tell) the truth then. Now nothing can be done to improve the situation.
DARE
Exercise 24. Explain the meaning of «dare» in the following sentences and translate them into Russian:
1. He felt he dared not reply.
2. Her face bore an expression of such ferocity that no one dared come near to speak with her.
3. I dare say you're a little tired after your walk, dear.
4. He dared not look into her face.
5. I did not dare to ask him to call off his trip.
6. She was aware that they were too intent upon their business to think that anyone was watching them, but she dared not move.
7. She did not dare to leave the house in case he telephoned.
Exercise 25. Translate into English:
1. Ты не осмелишься перепрыгнуть через этот ручей. Спорим?
2. Разве он осмелится сказать нам то, что думает?
3. Как ты осмеливаешься говорить такие вещи?
4. Как ты думаешь, посмеет он написать мне снова?
5. Мне кажется, вы не осмелитесь купаться в такой холодной воде.
Exercise. 26. Translate the following sentences into English using« shouldn’t», «oughtn’t to» or« needn't» followed by a perfect infinitive:
1. Тебе не следовало уступать ее капризам.
2. Тебе не надо было приводить своего приятеля сегодня. Я плохо себя чувствую.
3. Мне не следовало говорить им этого.
4. Ты зря заказал номер в гостинице. У нас есть свободная спальня.
5. Тебе не следовало жениться так рано.
6. Ты зря написал ему об этом. Он теперь будет беспокоиться.
7. Ты зря приехал в Лондон. Здесь его нет.
8. Ты зря купил эту машину. Она очень дорогая.
9. Ты зря приехал на машине. Здесь нет моста через реку.
10. Зря ты был с нею так груб. Она теперь плачет.
Учебное издание
Наталья Григорьевна Виноградова
Елена Владимировна Панькина
Практическая грамматика английского языка:
Сослагательное наклонение
Модальные глаголы
Практикум для студентов педвузов
Сдано в набор. Подписано в печать.
Формат 60х90/16. Гарнитура Times.
Бумага офсетная. Печать оперативная.
Усл. печ. л. 4,06. Тираж 50 экз. Заказ , с.(сп.) .
Редакционно-издательский отдел АГОА им. –
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Вёрстка и печать: ИП ,
свид. 22 № от 01.01.2001 –
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