Трудности перевода общественно - политического текста с английского языка на русский (стр. 13 )

44.  The three month United Nations World Trade and Development Conference, which was attended by representatives of 122 Governments, was called the Little General Assembly.

45.  Now the Civil Rights Commission, in two days of open hearings, has turned the spotlight on the near-ghetto conditions in which Blacks live in the only major city in the country where they are in a majority.

46.  The three-man UN mission leaves London today after four days of talks with the British Government. The mission yesterday described the London talks as « useful».

47.  The president has ordered up a war. A humanitarian crisis has erupted. And the Republicans? Save for the predictable isolationism of Pat Buchanan and the direct we're-in-it-let's-win-it response of John McCain, they're flummoxed — and it's gone from bad to worse.

48.  Several magistrates are staying away from the civic luncheon be­ing given by the Labour-controlled city magistrates.

49.  Paradoxically, the poll returns mean that he will be able to go ahead with his plan to introduce a pay-as-you-earn income tax scheme, which had been the main issue of the elections.

50.  The contest, also held on May 6th but on traditional first-past-the-post rules, produced some grossly skewed results.

51.  Most of British men who came to adulthood in the first half of the century had stay-at-home wives and manual jobs.

52.  The country has become an anything-goes, chaotically libertarian society.

53.  Members of Parliament of all shades last night in the Commons fought a genuine, no-holds-barred scrap over the fate of Britain's unem­ployment.

54.  The Prime Minister back-to-hearth-and-kitchen reproach to women — many of whom will themselves feel very angry at her attempt to make them feel guilty for going out to work — comes at the end of a year of attacks on provision for children.

55.  There was never a promise to aid an uprising lest it result in the fragmenting of the Iraqi state with who-knows-what consequences for the region's balance of power.

56.  Far more questionable are the restrictions proposed for the state-financed unemployment benefit programs for the short-term unemployed.

57.  Civil Service unions, who staged a one-day nationwide protest walkout Monday against government pay curbs, threatened widespread chaos at airports at midnight Thursday, aimed at U. S. airliners.

58.  The report listed a whole range of tax-deductible items available to companies, including company houses, yachts for entertaining overseas clients and even company racehorses.

59.  The author criticized the American reporters for relying too much on interviews and too little on documented evidence, for chasing too many spot stories and spending too little time examining long-term trends.

60.  It was disquieting to learn the other day that a CIA-led task force has proposed removing many current restraints on collecting information on Americans — on Americans, moreover, neither accused nor suspected of committing any crime.

61.  Gun control has been a hotly debated national issue for the last two decades. But with every assassination and attempted assassination, public outcries for effective national controls have been followed either by congressional inaction or passage of such weak legislation that gun-control proponents have branded it of little use.

62.  The sources said the US President was reluctant to take part in a North-South summit meeting after a eight-nation economic summit meet­ing.

63.  « These supply-oriented policies are directed at the medium-term,» the panel said. «lf they are successful, it will raise the international com­petitiveness of German products.»

64.  Militant regional leaders of Britain's miners defied a return-to-work order from their national union Thursday, declaring mistrust of the Conservative government despite its abrupt turnaround over threatened pit closures.

65.  The cool, pragmatic premier lately had come under a barrage of criticism from the right-wing and others in his faction-ridden Union of the Democratic Center, which was supposed to have begun its second congress Thursday on the island of Majorca.

66.  The left, they [centre-right politicians] concede has done better at presenting itself as a source of reassurance, a comforting pair of hands to protect ordinary people against the wicked forces of unfettered market economics. The New Left stands for a kind of anti-post-cold-was-capitalist triumphalism, which plays mercilessly on the caricature of an unfeeling Right.

67.  Sanyo Electric expects to show record profit and sales figures for the year ending next Nov. 30, company president said Tuesday. He said after-tax profit for the period will rise.

68.  The tricky job of unemployment-benefit policy-makers is thus to provide adequate compensation to allow worker adjustment to necessary economic change without, at the same time, interfering with labor mar­kets by promoting worker turnover, increasing payroll costs and pro­longing unemployment.

69.  Mere mention of the Senate Democrats these days calls to mind a row of chin-on-fist Rodin figures, all of course called The Rethinkers. But we suspect those ostensibly «rethinking» Democrats we have been hearing so much about are going to have to give some early and careful thought to their opposition role. It is one with which they are unfamiliar and, some would say, for which they are temperamentally breathtakingly unsuited. The tension on their side of the aisle (and, in a way, within the Democratic majority in the House as well) is likely to» be between the hothead, fight-everything, obstruct-wherever-you-can folks and those (soon to be called «sell-outs») who will be arguing the old line about re­straint and being seen to be helping the administration govern.

70.  «However, the of-necessity somewhat hypocritical nature of a number of our findings and their dependence on certain political, biologi­cal and technical assumptions is a feature they share with many contem­porary planning schemes,» he said.

71.  Such divisions [in the president's party] exist on trade, for exam­ple. Mr. Clinton's economic team, is by and large supportive of trade lib­eralisation, whereas the labour-union base of the Democratic Party is hostile. This explains why Mr. Clinton never made a convincing case for fast-track trade-negotiating authority, which Congress consequently blocked.

72.  In one breath senior Republicans are calling for a national dia­logue on tax reform to simplify the country's distorted tax code. In an­other, they are clamouring for an end to the «marriage tax penalty» — the fact that many couples pay more taxes if they marry than if they re­main single. Ending this «penalty» implies an expensive, loophole-creating tax cut within the existing system.

§ 14. НЕОЛОГИЗМЫ

I. Неологизмы — это новые слова, еще не зарегистрированные в англо-русских словарях, или не зафиксированные словарями новые значения слов, уже существующих в языке.

Для уяснения значения неологизма рекомендуется: 1) выяснить значение слова из контекста, 2) обратиться к послед­нему изданию одного из англо-русских или англо-английских сло­варей и попытаться отыскать данное слово в разделе «Новые сло­ва», 3) постараться выяснить значение нового слова, исходя из его структуры.

II. При переводе неологизмов используются следующие пере­водческие приемы: 1) транскрипция, 2) транслитерация, 3) кальки­рование, 4) описательный перевод.

1)  Примеры транскрибирования неологизмов: beatniks битники, beatles битлзы, briefing брифинг, p. r.(public relations) — пиар.

2)  Транслитерация в настоящее время практически не употребля­ется: inauguration инаугурация, Benelux Бенелюкс.

3)  Примеры калькирования неологизмов (т. е. воспроизведения средствами русского языка значения и морфологической структуры нового английского слова или словосочетания): air bridge воздушный мост, shadow cabinet теневой кабинет, nuclear umbrella ядерный зонтик, brain trust мозговой трест.

4)  Примеры описательного перевода: to lobby посылать делега­тов для оказания давления на членов парламента — депутатов их округа; deterrent средство устрашения; сдерживающее средство, оружие; redundancy увольнение по сокращению штатов; landslide полная (блестящая) победа на выборах; gimmick трюк, штучка, хитроумное приспособление; какое-либо новшество, направленное на то, чтобы привлечь всеобщее внимание; brain drain эмиграция квалифицированных кадров («утечка умов»); brain washing идеоло­гическая обработка («промывание мозгов»); hawks and doves сто­ронники расширения войны и сторонники мира («ястребы и голу­би»); brain power квалифицированные кадры; brain tank мозговой трест; brain bank банк информации; think tank исследовательская группа, мозговой трест, резервуар научных кадров, научный центр; fact sheet перечень (документ о...) фактических данных; skinheaded бритоголовые (часто о фашиствующей молодежи); low profile скромный, малозаметный; high profile яркий, очень заметный, вы­дающийся, runaways предприятия, переведенные на другую терри­торию или за границу.

III. Образование неологизмов.

1) Расширение значения. Слово, употребленное в различных контекстах, приобретает новые оттенки значения, а в ряде случаев и новые значения. Так, слово confrontation - первоначально означало очная ставка, сличение, сопоставление. С течением времени это слово стало употребляться в словосочетании confrontation of armed forces и приобрело значение соприкосновение вооруженных сил. В настоящее время слово confrontation приобрело значение (откры­тое) столкновение, противостояние, противоборство. Такие слова, как deterrent, redundancy, landslide и другие, также изменяли свое значение в связи с возникновением новой ситуации, возникшей по­требности.