Трудности перевода общественно - политического текста с английского языка на русский (стр. 14 )

Так, например, прилагательное «green» расширило свое перво­начальное значение и в различных сочетаниях в разное время означало: a green revolution — «зеленая» революция (революция в сель­ском хозяйстве ряда развивающихся стран, связанная с введением продуктов, полученных с использованием генной инженерии); the « greens» — доллары; green power — власть денег; the Green Party — партия «зеленых» (например, в Германии), выступающая в защиту окружающей среды; to do smth. in a «green» way — делать что-либо экологически чистым путем.

2) Префиксальное и суффиксальное образование новых слов. Префикс re - означает повторность действия: rethinking переосмыс­ление, renazification ренацификация, retraining переподготовка, пере­квалификация, reimposition введение чего-л. снова.

Префикс de- придает значение обратного действия demilitarize демилитаризовать, denazify денацифицировать, denazification дена­цификация, denuclearise лишать ядерного оружия, deescalation деэс­калация, inflation инфляция, reflation рефляция, deflation дефляция.

Суффикс -ее образует существительные, которые очень часто пе­редают значение объекта действия: detainee задержанный (аресто­ванный), parolee взятый на поруки; retiree ушедший на пенсию.

3) Образование неологизмов путем конверсии: the needy нуж­дающиеся; to front-page помещать на первой странице; to snowball быстро распространяться, увеличиваться (расти, как снежный ком), the go-ahead предоставление « зеленой улицы».

4) Появилось много слов типа teach-in. Эти слова употребляются для обозначения различных форм протеста или разъяснительной кампании. Глагольный корень указывает на место или форму про­теста или кампании: teach-in диспут протеста (протест в форме проведения диспута); pray-in протест в церкви; sit-in демонстрация сидящих в знак протеста людей; sitters-in участники сидячей демон­страции.

Иногда такие слова указывают, на что направлено требование протестующих: buy-in требование равных возможностей при по­купке (дома); apply-in требование равных возможностей при найме на работу.

5) Образование неологизмов путем объединения двух слов:

information + entertainment = infortainment; documentary + drama = docudrama; election + engineering = electioneering.

При переводе восстанавливаются полные значения обоих слов (например, информационно-развлекательный).

В результате нашумевшего во время президентства Р. Никсона политического скандала — использование в ходе его предвыборной кампании шпионажа для получения информации о планах соперни­чающей Демократической партии, национальный комитет которой находился в отеле Watergate,— слово gate в сочетании с именами собственными, иногда нарицательными, приобрело значение грубо­го политического скандала и привело к образованию ряда новых слов: Watergate Уотергейт; Lockheed-gate Локхидгейт — скандал, связанный с дачей компанией «Локхид» взяток японскому прави­тельству для получения выгодных заказов; Reagangate, debategate, briefinggate брифингейт—скандал, связанный с кражей людьми Рей­гана во время президентских выборов конфиденциальных докумен­тов Дж. Картера.

В последнее время в образовании неологизмов стали участвовать имена известных компаний Кока-Колы, Макдональдс и др. Так, to become the «Соса-Cola» of global wireless communication — стать всемирно известной (как Кока-Кола) компанией сотовой связи.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1.  «The major deterrent is in a man's mind. The major deterrent in the future is going to be not only what we have, but what we do, what we are willing to do, what they think we will do. Stamina, guts, standing up for the things that we say — those are deterrents,» — wrote Admiral A. Burke in 1960.

2.  Local officials who obstruct or refuse voters registration can also be severely punished (though jury trials are a somewhat flimsy deterrent in the south of the U. S.A.).

3.  There was a dramatic confrontation between one of the dismissed lecturers and the Director.

4.  The Advisory Committee on Juvenile Delinquency— set up by the former Home Secretary and widely regarded as a gimmick — has been disbanded, the Commons was told yesterday. Its work will be taken over by specialist bodies.

5.  Stamp trading—the latest «something for nothing» gimmick aimed at shoppers — is coming under heavy fire this weekend from cooperative and retail trade chiefs.

6.  The Cambodien authorities have supplied the returnees with food, clothing and other essentials.

7.  When House and Senate conferees meet to reconcile conflicting versions of a bill, staff assistants get into the act. They formulate possible compromises and translate the agreements reached into legislative lan­guage.

8.  Top British economists today fired a deadly broadside at govern­ment monetarist policies and called for a «reflation» U-turn.

9.  Pressure is certainly building up before next month's budget for the trimming of the government's sails and a modest dose of reflation to soak up some of the unemployed.

However, there is no indication that the Premier is seriously listening to these appeals, nor that the Cabinet «wets» are yet strong enough to force him to change course.

10.  America's smaller governments are flexing their muscles; and devolution, which used to mean the shifting of power to the states, now increasingly means the shifting of power to cities and townships too.

11.  However, the president's drive toward «deregulation» goes in ex­actly the opposite direction, proposing to ease restrictions on coal dust and air pollution in general.

12.  Natural gas decontrol will have an explosive effect on inflation, while, at the same time, it will rob the economy of billions of dollars of productive capital needed to create jobs.

13.  He also repeated Britain's desire to see this question settled by the General Assembly as soon as possible, but there is still no indication whether Britain is actively lobbying for this behind the scenes.

14.  The car workers' lobby last week was an important step in the right direction. The issue should be pressed throughout the trade union move­ment and taken up by the workers in all industries.

15.  The movement «to kill the Bill» may snowball to irresistible pro­portions by the time when the Trades Union Congress recall conference on June 5.

16.  The US administration has given Israel the go-ahead to sell certain US-supplied military equipment to third countries, according to Israeli television.

17.  Bank workers' leaders yesterday gave the go-ahead for a series of selective one-day strikes at Barclays and Lloyds computer centres starting next week.

18.  With an officially estimated 50,000 jobs lost to plant closures and runaways between January and September, organized labor here (in Cali­fornia) has been pressing for protection.

19.  When the EU Parliament refused last month to approve the budget because of graft and mismanagement charges, the Socialists introduced a censure vote as a substitute for a confidence motion. But in doing this, they touched off an unprecedented movement of revolt among deputies ranging from Greens to the far right.

20.  The proposal is being backed by the moto industry, which fears that reuse and recycling targets may prove impossible unless vehicles are channeled into «green» dismantling and scrap yards.

21.  The editorial of the New York Times proceeds on the assumption that the main problem confronting the United States is «the debilitated state of American industry and the need for changes in Government pol­icy to revive it».

This is, in essence, the repeatedly tried and bankrupt «trickle down» policy. The corporate establishment seated in Washington decrees meas­ures to «save» maximum profit appropriation, with the possibility that something will trickle down to the mass of people.

22.  Reaganites have their pet project — a formula which strongly fa­vors big business by faster depreciation writeoffs. This measure is par­ticularly opposed by organized labor as a big business ripoff.

Next week the candidate will announce a supposedly «new» eco­nomic policy, which will also include big tax cuts for big business, on the «trickle down» theory. That theory argues that big business should get a lot so a little can trickle down to the people.

23.  Honest Clintonites admit that the leak probably came from their own side.

24.  Supply-side economic theory argues the economic growth is a re­sult of promoting production rather than increasing consumption. If the rewards of production are stifled through high taxes and burdensome government requirements, potential producers will not engage in produc­tive enterprises and the economy will not grow, according to the supply siders.

25.  Editorial-page article, sings a supply-side true believer's praises of the sales tax relief granted by the internet Tax Freedom Act. Unfortu­nately, it only provided tax relief from sales tax on Internet access charges — such as the $ 21.95 or so that users pay for monthly access.

26.  Thanks mainly to their workaholic new chairman, Germany's Christian Democrats have bounced back surprisingly well from their thumping defeat in the general election seven months ago.

27.  «Scandilux» is a newly coined phrase, current in Washington, to describe a trend in some smaller NATO countries toward becoming ab­sorbed in domestic political questions and neglecting broader issues of Western security.

28.  American think tanks offer prolific proposals for Transatlantic re­design.