The laws of all countries may be found in written records – the legal codes of countries with continental systems. Many people do not know where to find these records and do not find it easy to read them. But ignorance of the law is almost never a defense for breaking it. Governments usually expect citizens to know the laws. There are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving which reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior. In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law.
Legal systems usually have codes of conduct for the police, limiting the time and the methods which they can use to question suspects and guaranteeing them access to independent lawyers. Americans feel that the best way to ensure independence of courts is to elect judges. Britons prefer judges to be appointed by the government on the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor.
Test 2
I. Read the text
The English Legal System
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland does not have a single body of law universally applicable within its boundaries. Although there has been a single Parliament since 1707, Scotland has its own distinctive legal system and Northern Ireland also has a separate judicial organization.
Perhaps the most fundamental peculiarity of English law is the lack of a written constitution in England. Since Parliament is the supreme lawmaking body in the United Kingdom, Acts of Parliament are absolutely binding on all courts, taking precedence over all other sources of law; they cannot be outside the competence of Parliament. Although the principles of natural justice have always occupied an important position in the British law, they have never been defined or codified in the form of guaranteed rights. Thus, rights, such as the right of personal freedom, the right of freedom of discussion, and the rights of association and public meeting, which are commonly considered more or less inviolate, are not protected against charge by Act of Parliament, and the courts could not uphold them if Parliament decreed otherwise. Acts of Parliament are, in fact, formal announcements of rules of conduct to be observed in the future, which remain in force until they are repealed. The acts passed by Parliament are classified as either private or public and general acts and are published individually by Her Majesty’s Stationary Office once they have received the Royal Assent. Acts passed during the year are then bound together in annual volumes.
II. Answer the questions:
1. Is there a single body of law in Great Britain universally applicable in all the country?
2. What is the peculiarity of British law?
3. What is the law-making body in Great Britain?
4. Are the laws in Great Britain codified?
5. Haw are the laws called in Great Britain?
III. Translate the text
IV. Read the article and make a summary
WHO Declares War on “Lying” Tobacco Industry
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared a war on the global tobacco industry for continuing to use misleading labels like mild, light and low tar to make millions, including a majority of children, take up the deadly habit of smoking.
On the eve of “World No Tobacco Day”, the WHO said that the focus would be on stressing the fact that all tobacco products are addictive, harmful and can cause death, regardless of the form, packaging, or name under which they are presented to the public. This year’s “World No Tobacco Day” theme is “Tobacco: deadly in any form”.
The Director of the WHO Tobacco Free Initiative said “We are faced with a unique public health challenge, as many tobacco products remain unregulated. Tobacco can kill in any case, regardless of whether you smoke it, chew it or inhale it through a water pipe, and that is why all products containing tobacco need to be regulated immediately, in all forms, worldwide.”
Another factor that needs to be taken into account is the use of water pipes, which are used to smoke flavored tobacco. These are becoming no less than a status symbol in the Middle East.
There are very few studies that have focused on the use of water pipes, which is considerably more dangerous than cigarettes. Water pipes smokers may inhale 10 times more smoke than cigarette smokers.
The WHO says that tobacco usage is responsible for five million deaths each year. It is the cause of 90 percent of lung cancer cases and is linked to many other types of cancer and respiratory diseases.
If the current usage trends continue, it is estimated that by 2020 there will be 7 out of every 10 tobacco-related deaths in the developing world.
V. Write a small letter (12 -15 sentences) to your partners offering them legal assistance in contract arrangements.
5.5 ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
Основная:
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Дополнительная
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