12 , , Почепцов грамматика современного английского языка. – М.: Высш. шк., 1983. – 285с.
13 Хлебникова английской морфологии: Учеб. пособие. – М.: Высш. шк., 1994. – 125с.
14 Ильиш современного английского языка: Теоретический курс. М. – Л.: Просвещение, 1965. – 378с.
15 Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. – М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. – 685с.
16 Орлов английская речь. – М.: Высш. шк., 1991. – 240с.
17 Антонова и материалы к семинарам по курсу теоретической грамматики английского языка. – Воронеж: Изд-во ВГПИ, 1991. – 18с.
18 Бархударов по морфологии современного английского языка. – М.: Высш. шк., 1975. – 137с.
19 Москальская текста. – М.: Наука, 1981. – 211с.
20 Английский язык: произношение, грамматика, словоупотребление: Краткий справочник. – М.: Высш. шк., 1987. – 287с.
21 Коммуникативная грамматика английского языка: Пособие для учителя. на англ. яз. – М.: Просвещение, 1983. – 304с.
22 Грамматика английского языка: Морфология. Учеб. пособие для студентов пед. ин-тов по спец. № 000 «Иностр. яз.» / и др. – М.: Просвещение, 1985. – 288с.
23 Климентьева английского глагола в картинках и играх: Кн. для учащихся шк. с углубл. изуч. англ. яз. – М.: Просвещение, 1989. – 224с.
24 Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. – Cambridge: Cambridge Universaty Press, 1988. – 328p.
Интернет-ресурсы
1. Актуальное членение предложения http://www. *****/articles/66/1006638/1006638a1.htm
2. Предложение как основная единица синтаксического анализа http://homepages. *****/~ips/5_01.htm
3. Части речи и членный предложения
http://iling. *****/pdf/liudi/sova/parts. html
Экзаменационные материалы
Тест
THEME 1: Introduction to the theory of English Grammar
1. Grammar as a language aspect is a set of _____, governing the way words change their forms and combine into sentences. 2. Grammar can be subdivided into two parts: _____ and _____. 3. Any hierarchy is based on _____. 4. The sentence is above the word in the hierarchy, because it’s a _____ unit. 5. When we are interested mostly in meaning, our approach can be called _____. 6. Transformational methods imply purposeful systemic _____ of grammatical units. 7. Modelling a unit we often try to reflect its structure with the help of _____. 8. Studying the distribution the researcher looks at the position of the unit in the _____. 9. The paradigmatic approach implies looking for _____ and contrast. 10. Applying the syntagmatic approach, we deal with _____ sequence of language units in speech.
THEME 2: Major issues of morphology
1. In grammar we study not only forms of language units but also their _____. 2. The morpheme is the smallest _____ unit. 3. Words can express grammatical meaning through _____ of forms. 4. A grammatical category is based on the _____ of forms and meanings. 5. If there is a formal sign of grammatical meaning, the morphological form is called _____. 6. A zero morpheme is the _____ absence of morpheme. 7. Allomorphs are _____ variants of morphemes. 8. The relations among / between allomorphs are called _____ distribution. 9. An affix _____ the meaning of the root. 10. Suffixes differ from prefixes first of all in their _____. 11. Grammatical suffixes do not make up new words, they make up new _____. 12. Free morphemes can function as _____. 13. _____ morphemes consist of two parts which express grammatical meaning together. 14.Discontinuous forms morphemes make up _____ forms.
THEME 3: Parts of speech
1.Parts of speech differ as to their lexical meaning, morphological form and _____. 2. Foreign grammarians concentrate mostly on _____ while classifying words. 3. _____ parts of speech have a peculiar lexical meaning, if any. 4. Nouns have the meaning of _____ in common. 5. Both adjectives and adverbs name _____, though in different ways. 6. A paradigm is a set of all the _____ of the word. 7. The size of the paradigm depends on the number of _____. 8. The English verb has the most _____ paradigm among other parts of speech. 9. Each class of words has a set of typical _____ models. 10. If no new words can enter a class, it’s called _____. 11. The syntactic function is usually analyzed in terms of _____. 12. Adverbs looking like adjectives can be distinguished by their _____.
THEME 4: English Noun
1. Arrival names an action as if it were a _____. 2. Like most English categories, the category of number is based on a _____ opposition. 3. Only the plural form is _____ in the opposition. 4. The meaning of the plural form is _____. 5. Cases are necessary to establish _____ between words in a sentence. 6. Since some nouns are not used in the possessive case, the category is a _____ one. 7. The definite article is used to express _____. 8. The article is a specific sort of _____ which combines with the noun in communication. 9. The article _____ the meaning of the noun in a situation. 10. The zero article is the _____ of the article.
THEME 5: English Verb
1. Verbs name _____. 2. The English verb has an _____ paradigm. 3. The most typical function of the verb in the sentence is _____. 4. Non-finite forms of English verbs lack the categories of person, number, tense and _____. 5. Auxiliaries express only _____ meaning. 6. Semi-notional verbs can function only as a _____ predicate. 7. In relative tenses the action is oriented in time in relation to an additional _____. 8. Aspect shows the way the action _____. 9. _____ forms express priority. 10. Voice distinctions are connected with the relation between the subject of the sentence and the object of the _____. 11. English mood forms can be interpreted only in _____. 12. Subjunctive mood forms express _____ actions.
THEME 6: English Sentence
1. The sentence is the smallest _____ unit. 2. It’s called a predicative unit because it expresses _____. 3. Predication is very often expressed by _____. 4. _____ all the sentences have a subject and a predicate. 5. All sentence structures can express _____. 6. Most sentences name a _____. 7. Those sentences that don’t name a situation can be called ______. 8. Predication is closely connected with such morphological categories as _____ and _____. 9. Predication is sometimes reduced to _____. 10. In communication a sentence always expresses some communicative _____. 11. Structurally sentences are characterized as simple or _____. 12. A composite sentence has two or more _____. 13. A predicative center is recognized thanks to _____. 14. A composite sentence with _____ between parts is called a complex one. 15. A composite sentence with coordination between parts is called a _____ one. 16. In the traditional pragmatic classification sentences are divided into _____, interrogative and imperative. 17. Interrogative sentences are singled out as to their structure and _____. 18. Traditional sentence parts are: subject, predicate, object, _____. 19. The rheme is the most important part of the sentence from the point of view of _____. 20. The rheme can be marked by lexico-grammatical, _____ and _____ means.
THEME 7: Text study in Grammar
1. A text is usually defined as a combination of at least _____. 2. It’s debatable whether the text can consist only of _____. 3. The main characteristics of a text as a sequence of signs are _____ and integrity. 4. Like a sentence, a text is always a unit of _____. 5. Discourse is a text viewed as a _____ unit. 6. In a text sentences are joined not only syntactically, but also _____. 7. Analyzing the relations between sentences in a text, we can speak about back-pointing and _____-pointing. 8. In a text you can find ”prospective” and “_____” connectors.9. A written text is graphically divided into _____. 10. A written text is organized and structured with the help of _____, the role of which is close to that of intonation in oral texts.
Практические задания
THEME 1: Introduction to the theory of English Grammar
1. В русском языке одни и те же предлоги употребляются как предлоги места и направления. В английском языке в таких случаях употребляются различные предлоги. Mary was in the room - Mary came into the room.
2. Вспомогательный глагол will употребляется со всеми лицами, shall – с местоимениями I и we.
3. В русском языке при изменении порядка слов в предложении смысл высказывания не меняется: Звездный мальчик красил космический корабль. Красил космический корабль звездный мальчик. и т. д.
4. The passive is frequently used in English to express ideas that require a reflexive or impersonal construction in other languages, and in many cases is also used where other languages use the active.
5. The Present Continuous tense refers to temporary situations, and actions that are happening now. The Present simple tense refers to more permanent situations, and actions that are repeated.
6. Ask the following people questions about their experiences.
1) An explorer – get lost? 2) An actress – forget your words?
_________________ ? ________________________ ?
THEME 2: Major issues of morphology
2. Так строятся английские слова при помощи префиксов:
understand (понимать) : misunderstand (неправильно понимать)
sleep (спать) : oversleep (проспать)
war (война) : pre-war (довоенный)
3. Внимание: суффикс –ly, при помощи которого образуются прилагательные, следует отличать от совпадающего по форме суффикса –ly, служащего для образования наречий:
friend (друг) + - ly friendly (дружественный)
exact (точный) + - ly exactly (точно)
3. May – более вежливая форма, чем can
4. К прилагательным, которые оканчиваются на букву е, прибавляются суффиксы –r, -st.
5. Many nouns have no special form to show that they are nouns. But there are a number of endings used to form nouns from other words: movement, intention, difference, kindness, security, landing, etc.
6. Most nouns do not have gender. There are only a few word pairs such as steward/ stewardess.
7. We use suffixes to form different parts of speech.
Noun suffixes: -ness, - ence Adjective suffixes: -ful, - y, - ous, - al, - ly, - ic, - ent.
THEME 3: Parts of speech
1. We distinguish between minor and major word-classes.
Minor word-classes: auxiliary verbs, determiners, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.
Major word-classes: main verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Unlike minor word-classes, major word-classes are “open” in the sense that they can be definitely extended and minor word-classes change relatively little from one period of the language to another.
2. There are two types of verbs: MAIN VERBS and AUXILIARY VERBS.
Auxiliary verbs do not make up a verb phrase on their own and must be accompanied by a following main verb.
3. Number is a feature of nouns, demonstratives, personal pronouns and verbs.
4. Many pronouns act as substitutes or “replacements” for noun phrases in the context. The pronouns of personal reference have a genitive form.
5. Местоимения some и any указывают на качественную или количественную неопределенность объекта:
Some more people are coming. I don’t see any books here.
Выбор some и any определяется целью высказывания.
6. Притяжательные местоимения имеют две формы: атрибутивную и абсолютную.
7. Noun groups can also be pronouns.
8. Порядковые числительные отвечают на вопрос «который?».
9.Местоимение some употребляется перед неисчисляемыми существительными в утвердительных предложениях.
10. Quick is an adjective. It describes a noun.
Quickly is an adverb. It describes a verb.
11. Степени сравнения прилагательных:
1) односложные и двусложные
short shorter the shortest
happy happier the happiest
12. since – prep; с, после.
THEME 4: English Noun
1. Основное значение притяжательного падежа – указывать на принадлежность какому-либо лицу.
2. Noun groups can be the subject, the object, or complement of a verb, or the object of a preposition.
3. Неисчисляемые - это неподдающиеся счету существительные.
4. В английском языке имеются два артикля – неопределенный a/an и определенный the.
5. Мы употребляем неопределенный артикль перед неисчисляемыми существительными, если говорим о них впервые, а определенный, если они употребляются вторично.
6. Sometimes nouns require no articles at all.
7. When we use the definite article we presume that both we and the hearer know what is being talked about. If we want to express indefinite meaning without any added meaning of amount, etc.
8. We use the definite article:
· When identity has been established by an earlier mention (often with an indefinite article), we call this the BACK-POINTING use of the.
· When identity is established by the postmodification that follows the noun, this is the FORWARD-POINTING use of the.
9. Since nouns have no grammatical gender, the choice of he, she and it is based on natural distinctions of meaning.
10. Although the genitive is generally discussed as a case of nouns, in some respects it is better to regard it as an ending belonging to noun phrases rather than to nouns.
11.‘s = possession
12. a) There is a pattern with of which has the same meaning as the possessive: my friend’s name/ the name of my friend. Sometimes we can use either form. But often only one form is possible:
your father’s car NOT the car of your father
the beginning of the term NOT the term’s beginning
b) In general we are more likely to use the possessive form with people rather than things and to talk about possession rather than about other relations.
13. Countable nouns can be singular and plural.
Uncountable nouns can only be singular.
14. We use the expression a’s b in situations where we could say ‘a has b’ or ‘a does something to b’ or ’a does b’.
a child’s toy, a children’s story, the train’s arrival
THEME 5: English Verb
1. Основное значение модального глагола may - возможность, обусловленная разрешением (1), объективная возможность (2) и предположение (3).
Основное значение модального глагола should – совет, рекомендация, указание на желательность, целесообразность действия.
2. Perfect Simple выражает завершенное действие. Perfect Progressive – действие, длящееся в течение определенного периода времени.
Выбор Present Perfect или Past Simple зависит от того, как говорящий смотрит на событие.
3. The choice of verb form (simple, progressive, perfect) made by an English speaker depends on many factors, and not on the right set of grammatical rules. Students may have learned not to say e. g. * I have seen the film yesterday, following a ‘rule’ that we cannot make a specific reference to the time of a past event when we use the present perfect tense. But this is a negative way of looking at the problem: it gives no indication (except, perhaps, by implication) of what the use of the present perfect tense means to an English speaker, or of the considerations that determine the choice of the perfect rather than, say, past simple in situations where the use of either form seems theoretically possible.
4. The choice of one verb form rather than another may be determined by the nature of the action or event itself, and the circumstances in which it occurs:
a. I read all his books. b. I’ve read all his books. c. When our visitors arrived, my wife made tea. d. When our visitors arrived, my wife was making tea.
5. The choice may, however, depend entirely on the speaker’s viewpoint.
6. In other cases, the choice of verb form may be restricted by limitations in the meaning of the verb.
7. The progressive forms represent actions or events, or series of actions or events, viewed at some point between their beginning and end. They imply that an action or series of actions has already begun but is not yet completed. At the same time, they indicate that the duration of the action or series of actions is limited.
8. 1a Do be quiet! I’m trying to hear what the man is saying.
1b Do you think I look thinner? I’m slimming.
1c We’re eating in the kitchen during this cold weather.
The one feature that is common to all three sentences is that the action or series of actions is regarded as incomplete or temporary (of limited duration).
9. The perfect progressive forms, in common with other progressive forms, draw attention to the duration of an action and indicate that the duration of the action is limited.
10. The passive is not simply an equivalent alternative to the active.
11. The Present Continuous tense refers to temporary situations, and actions that are happening now. The Present simple tense refers to more permanent situations, and actions that are repeated.
TENSE we understand the correspondence between the form of the verb and our concept of time (past, present or future).
13. ASPECT concerns the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded (for example as complete or in progress).
14. English has also two marked aspects: the PROGRESSIVE ASPECT and the PREFECTIVE ASPECT
15. Tense and aspect relate the happening described by the verb to time in the past, present or future.
16. The PAST TENSE is used when the past happening is related to a definite time in the past.
17. The PERFECT ASPECT is used for a past happening which is seen in relation to a later event or time
18. There are the ACTIVE tenses and aspects. The PASSIVE can also be formed.
19. The present perfect progressive has the same sort of meaning as the simple present perfect, except that the period leading up to the present has limited duration.
20. The past perfect (simple or progressive) indicates “past in the past”; that is, the time further in the past as seen from a definite view point in the past.
21. The progressive aspect refers to activity IN PROGRESS, and therefore suggests not only that the activity is TEMPORARY (i. e. of limited duration), but that it NEED NOT BE COMPLETE.
22. We use the Past simple to talk about definite past time.
We use the Present Perfect to talk about indefinite past time.
23. We use the Past simple to express actions, which follow each other in the story. The Present Perfect relates past actions and states to the present.
24. The Past Perfect is used to express an action in the past, which happened before another action in the past.
25. Both the First Conditional and the Second Conditional refer to the present and the future. The past verb forms are used to show ‘This is different from reality.’
26. We express wishes and hypotheses about past facts and events by moving back one tense and using the Past Perfect.
27. If the weather were nice, I would go swimming.
In an if-clause were is used for all persons.
THEME 6: English sentence
1. Sentences are units made up of one or more clauses.
2. Sentences containing just one clause are called SIMPLE, and sentences containing more than one clause are called COMPLEX.
3. There are two main ways of linking clauses together, i. e. of forming complex sentences: COORDINATION and SUBORDINATION.
4.
Порядок слов в утвердительном предложении | ||
Подлежащее Shakespear | Сказуемое wrote | Остальные члены предложения ‘Romeo & Juliet’ |
5. Если в сложносочиненном предложении заключен косвенный вопрос, его форма отличается от прямого вопроса.
6. Строгий порядок слов в английском предложении необходим для точного выражения связей между словами.
7. Simple sentences have one clause.
8. Конструкция there is употребляется, когда необходимо сообщить о наличии в данном месте какого-то предмета или лица.
9. The constructions ‘there is’ and ‘it is’ introduce the new in the sentence.
10. A question tag is a short phrase that is added to the end of the statement to turn it into a yes/no question.
11. Read and remember:
 |
Either … , or … Neither … , or …
 |  |
This structure is used to talk This structure is used to join
about two possibilities together two negative ideas
12. A simple English sentence may be grammatically a statement, a question, a command or an exclamation.
13. STATEMENTS are sentences in which the subject is present and generally comes before the verb.
14. Excuse me in British English is limited to mild apologies for routine impolite behaviour.
15. An exclamation is a type of sentence, which is used to express the speaker’s feeling or attitude. It’s only one way of showing enthusiasm.
16. There are three methods of linking constructions: subordination, coordination and adverbial link.
IV. THEME 7: Text Study in Grammar
1. Well and now, placed at the front of a sentence in speech, signal a new start in the train of thought.
2. Any positive link between two ideas can be expressed by “and”.
3. When you speak or write you usually need to make some connection with other things that you are saying or writing. The most common way of doing this is by referring back to something that has already been mentioned.
Базовые термины
Grammar
morphology
syntax
grammar unit
hierarchy
two-facet unit
morpheme
word
phrase
sentence
text
approach
method
systemic
paradigmatic
syntagmatic
comparative
synchronic
opposition
transformation
constituent
modeling
distributional
semantic
formal
form
formal sign
sets of forms
paradigmatic rows
paradigm
zero morpheme
marked / unmarked form
grammatical / lexical meaning
category
limited category
morph
allomorph
complementary distribution
criteria
word-building
form-changing
root
affix
suffix
prefix
bound / free morphemes
continuous / discontinuous morphemes
analytical forms
part of speech
relevant lexical meaning
morphological form
morphemic structure
word-building models
combinability
syntactic function
sentence part
notional / functional parts of speech
closed class, noun, verb, adjective, adverb
numeral, pronoun
article
preposition
conjunction
particle
interjection
field structure
nucleus
periphery
heterogeneous
uncountable nouns
number
case
possessive / genitive
standard / non-standard
common, singular
plural
definite
indefinite
identification
absolute / relative generalization
zero article
situational reference
transitive / intransitive
finite / non-finite
notional / semi-notional
link-verbs
modal verbs
auxiliaries
time and tense
reference point
absolute / relative tenses
past, present, future, past / non-past, tense and tense-form
aspect
perfective / imperfective
continuous, progressive, time-correlation, perfect forms
priority
retrospect
result
completion
limit
voice
subject
object
agent
passive
active
reciprocal
reflexive
middle voice
passive transforms
ergative verbs
modality
mood
indicative
imperative
subjunctive
suppositional
conditional
real, unreal, imaginary
sentence
structural / semantic / pragmatic aspect
minimal structure
predicative center
predication
predicativity
predicative connection
subordination
coordination
nomination
nominative aspect
situation,
communicative intention
pragmatics
one-member / two-member sentences
simple / composite
complete / incomplete
elliptical
quasi-sentences
semi-composite
compound
complex
clause
structural classification
pragmatic classification
declarative
interrogative
imperative
exclamatory
direct / indirect means / usage
sentence division
sentence parts
model
structure
subject
predicate
object
attribute
adverbial modifier
actual division
rheme
theme
transition
gradation scale
means
grammatical system
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