Моя академия (стр. 12 )

The graduates of the faculty work on designing civil, industrial, and public buildings, at construction technology of the buildings, they work as building engineers, architects and managers.

5. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What specializations are trained at the faculty?

2. What specialized subjects contribute to the training of building specialists?

3. What are the most commonly used building materials?

4. What elements does the house consist of?

5. What are the supplement facilities by constructing a building?

6. What can the graduates of the faculty work?

7. What are the main constituents of economy?

8. What is management level?

9. What departments have any modern enterprise?

10 What are the types of enterprises?

11 What is the managerial structure at the enterprises?

12. What is the most important function of a manager nowadays?

6. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму.

1. The Civil engineering faculty (to train) the students in three qualifications.

2. Three specializations (to give) the students of the faculty.

3. A great number of specialized subjects (to study) by the students of the faculty.

4. The students (to teach) to calculate the loads effecting the buildings.

5. All this (to constitute) such subjects as Building Mechanics and Strength of Materials.

6. Each building (to consist) of various parts.

7. The buildings can (to build) from various materials.

8. The students (to listen) to different courses of lectures.

9. A lot of general educational subjects (to include) in the curriculum of the faculty. 10. Various utilities (to foresee) by constructing any building.

11. The qualification of the manager (to meet) requirements of many enterprises.

12. The economy (to divide) into three main branches.

13. Management (to include) three levels.

14. At any modern enterprise (there be) a lot of departments.

15. Different enterprises may (to divide) into several types.

16. Decision making (to be) the most important function of a manager.

17. Decision making (to break down) into five components.

7. Прочитайте текст, выпишите и переведите технические термины. Сделайте реферирование текста (см. приложение).

THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING

Since 1931 the Empire State Building has been the tallest structure in the world, 1,250 feet. It is taller than the Eiffel Tower. The Empire State Building is a milestone in tall-building construction. Its height posed a number of problems concerning the stability of the structure itself. It was founded on bedrock at a depth of about 50 feet below the street level. The area of the base is about 2 acres. Its total weight of 302,500 tons; including 67,000 tons of steel, is divided among more than one hundred rolled fabricated steel columns, the largest of which carried 5,000 tons down to the base. These columns rest on broad and heavily reinforced bases of concrete supported in turn on bedrock. The steel columns are subjected to a constant compressive stress by the weight of the structure.

The water-distribution system in the building consists of a series of water tanks at different levels; if the water system were not thus divided, a faucet on a lower floor would be subjected to a pressure of about 600 pounds a per square inch. The building has 69 electric elevators; their maximum speed is 1,000 feet per minute. The building was ready for occupancy 14 months after the first steel element was placed on the footings. There 3,400 workmen of different trades employed on the 104 floors.

8. Найдите в тексте перевод следующих слов и выражений.

Основание, давление, высота, система водоснабжения, подвергаться, бак, железобетон, металлические колонны, строительство высотных зданий, вес, ширина, глубина, устойчивость конструкции.

9. Напишите о знаменитом архитектурном сооружении по следующему плану.

1) name;

2) location;

3) historical details;

4) interesting facts;

5) exterior/interior;

7) your impressions;

6) recommendation.

10. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Сформулируйте на английском языке, чем для вас является дом.

WHAT IS HOME?

A roof to keep out the rain? Four walls to keep out the wind? Floors to keep out the cold?

Yes, but home is more than that. It's the laugh of a baby, the song of a mother, the strength of a father. Warmth of living hearts, light from happy eyes, kindness, loyalty, comradeship. Home is first school and first church for young ones, where they learn what is right, what is good and what is kind. Where they go for comfort when they are hurt or sick.

Where joy is shared and sorrow eased. Where fathers and moth­ers are respected and loved. Where children are wanted. Where the simplest food is good enough for kings because it is earned. Where money is not as important as loving kindness. Where even the teaket­tle sings from happiness.

That is home. Sweet home.

God bless it.

11. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

HOW THE ANCIENT BUILDERS PUT A HAND TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES?

The people of Babylonia were rich and powerful. They were also happy. They loved each other and they enjoyed working together. But one thing was lacking. Men had only the earth to enjoy. God had kept heaven for himself and his angels.

The King of Babylonia decided that his people should have Heav­en as well as Earth. So he ordered them to build a great tall tower. Six hundred thousand men began making bricks and mixing mortar and piling up a building higher and higher. All day every day men carried bricks and mortar up a stairway on the east side of the tower. Then they walked down another stairway on the west to get more loads. This went on for forty-two years until the Tower was twenty-seven miles high. It was so high that it took a man a whole year to carry bricks from the ground to the top.

Now the Tower had risen nearly to Heaven, and God saw that he would have to do something to keep the invaders out. Perhaps if he made it hard for people to co-operate, they would not be able to finish the Tower. To carry out his plan God sent seventy angels down to Earth. The angels had orders: first to take away the one language everybody understood, then to split the people up into groups, with each group speaking a new tongue of its own. In no time the men who made bricks couldn't talk to the men who carried them. And the men who carried bricks couldn't say an understandable word to the men who laid the bricks. Everything was a mess, and every­body blamed everybody else for not understanding. People no long­er talked about the Tower of Heaven. Nobody worked there any longer. And the Tower was soon ruined.

12. Определите, к какой части речи относятся слова из текста, оканчивающиеся на -ing (существительное, герундий, прилагательное, причастие 1).

Six hundred thousand men began making bricks and mixing mortar and piling up a building higher and higher, they enjoyed working together, but one thing was lacking, to split the people up into groups, with each group speaking a new tongue of its own, every­body blamed everybody else for not understanding.

13. Ответьте на вопрос, поставленный в заголовке текста (упр. 11).

14. Прочитайте следующий текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. Who must plan new housing and public buildings?

2. What forms are time-honoured?

3. Are there any forms in the modern cities that have counter­
parts in earlier civilizations?

THE COMMUNITY AND ARCHITECTURE

The forms to be taken by community must be decided before they are constructed. But long-term "master plans", we have learned, must not be too detailed. Someone must plan where streets are to run, parks are to be laid out, and industrial facilities are to be furnished. Someone must plan new housing and new public buildings, parks, and rely architects are necessary for these goals. And yet, community plans need the contribution of experts in many fields. Modern city planning has become so complex, so enmeshed in static, and so controlled by financial interests that too often com­munity plans appear that are lifeless and mechanical. In this field it is the architect's task to redress the balance, to realize that cities exist for people, that business and industry and science should serve the people and not enslave them.

During the last century hundreds of cities grew up throughout the world, and thousands of country towns expanded into great industrial or commercial centers. In the sense that all the buildings in Chicago or Los Angeles were constructed in recent times, they are modern com­munities. But in these new cities one searches in vain for any common principle of design that would distinguish them from earlier towns.

If, however, one examines the contemporary city more closely, one comes upon forms that had no counterpart in any earlier civiliza­tion. The country villa and the suburb are time-honored forms; but only with the development of rapid transportation, however, did it become possible to disperse the population of a great center over an area at least ten times as great as the biggest cities of the past. The skyscraper has permitted the assembling of business offices and light industry in concentrated hives, served by vertical transportation; but the erection of such buildings on streets designed for four-story build­ings and horse drawn transportation has everywhere produced chaos.

Nowhere have the new forces in urbanism been organized so as to create both a functional and an aesthetic unity. One cannot derive an archetype for the modern city from any existing example. Neither can one create it merely by uncritically accepting all technological devices as essential ingredients. There is room, then, for an effort to define the modern community in ideal terms, on the basis of existing facts and tendencies. These facts and tendencies are not confined to the provinces of engineering and architecture; they issue from indus­try, from education, from medicine and psychology, and indeed from politics.