Моя академия (стр. 8 )

cement concrete – цементобетон

limestone – известняк

cinder – зола

patching –ямочный ремонт

rut – борозда

corrugation – рифление, волнообразование

blading – обработка (выглаживание) дороги грейдером

mowing – скашивание (травы)

right-of-way – полоса отвода дороги, полоса отчуждения

deflection – прогиб

culvert – водопропускная труба

Составьте 3 предложения с новыми словами.

2. Какой звук слышится в конце каждого слова? Распределите слова в три столбика.

[n]	[ŋ]	[ŋk]

Thing, sink, plan, cleaning, thank, classification, think, corrugation, blading, sin, blank, thin, sing, following, operation, construction, tank, foundation, frank, building, link, mowing, common, interesting, tunneling, crank, keeping, deflection, clean.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

THE HIGHWAY ENGINEERING FACULTY

The students of this faculty are trained in the following qualifications: Operation and Maintenance of Automobile Roads and Air Fields, Construction of Bridges and Tunnels, Highway Economy and Management and Environmental Engineering.

The students of the first qualification study the classification of roads and the structure of a highway. Any highway engineer knows the following classification of roads: state, federal, regional, country and city roads and streets.

The road design consists of the subgrade, subbase and bgrade is the foundation of the bbase is the middle layer of the road, it’s made of gravel, crushed stone or different mixtures. Between subgrade and subbase there is drainage layer, which is usually made of sand. The upper layer of the road is pavement, made of asphaltconcrete or cement-concrete.

Besides, the students of the faculty are acquainted with such artificial structures as bridges, culverts, viaducts, overpasses, tunnels, retaining walls which also belong to a highway. To train competent engineers a number of specialized subjects are included in the curriculum of the ch subjects include: Building Materials, Hydraulics and Hydrology, Geology, Geodesy, Soil Mechanics, Bases and Foundations of Transport Structures and Underground Communications.

Since the purpose of roads and bridges is to convey traffic, the highway and bridge engineers have common tasks. It is the matter of primary concern for bridge and tunnel engineers to calculate the loads properly. That’s why they should pay great attention to such subjects as Theoretical Mechanics and The Strength of Materials.

The students of the second qualification study various types of bridges. The history of tunneling is also very interesting aspect of teaching. The graduates with this qualification work at designing bridges, tunnels, air fields and different artificial structures, and also at the construction of all mentioned facilities.

The matter of primary concern for a road-building engineer is also knowing the properties of road-building materials. The materials used in road construction are: portland cement concrete, bituminous materials and mixtures, asphalt-beton, sand, gravel, limestone, crushed stone and cinder.

All this can be accomplished with economical factors. The single objective of economic analysis is to determine whether it is profitable to make the improvement or purchase, or which alternative is the more economical. There are two main elements of cost in highway economy: 1) the annual cost of the highway facility, and 2) the annual cost of operating motor vehicle. The sum of these two cost elements is the highway transportation cost. The goal of design and operation of the highways is to achieve a minimum sum of these two cost elements.

The road-building engineers deal not only with the building of roads but also with their maintenance and repair. Highway maintenance is the preserving and keeping of each roadway, structure and facility as nearly as possible in its original condition. The result of adequate highway maintenance is smooth, safe, and efficient roadways, clear waterways, and clean attractive right-of-way.

4. Расставьте данные слова и словосочетания в той последовательности, в которой они встречаются в тексте.

Road design, artificial structures, qualification, bituminous materials, theoretical mechanics, construction of bridges, drainage layer, classification of roads, underground communications, middle layer of the road.

5. Определите лишнее слово в каждой цепочке, используя информацию из текста.

- state, federal, regional, underground, country and city roads and streets;

- subgrade, highway, subbase, pavement;

- arch, rigid-frame, beam, truss, arched cantilever, crushed stone, concrete slab, leaf, lattice, suspension bridges.

6. Найдите синонимы.

Building, maintenance, operation, highway, qualification, design, transportation.

Planning, carrying passengers or goods, speciality, road, construction, keeping in good condition, working.

7. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму.

1. The highway engineering faculty (to train) the students in several qualifications. 2. The road structure (to consist) of the subgrade, subbase, drainage layer and pavement. 3. For building the road various building materials (to use). 4. The road pavement (to make) usually of asphalt-concrete or cement-concrete. 5. Various artificial structures also (to belong) to the road construction. 6. The curriculum of the faculty (to induce) a lot of specialized subjects. 7. The most part of transportation (to employ) by means of roads. 8. The highway development policy (to induce) the construction, maintenance and operation. 9. The designing of roads also (to study) at the faculty. 10. The economic analysis (to be) the most important factor in road construction. 11. The highway economy (to include) two main elements. 12. The sum of two cost elements (to constitute) the highway transportation cost. 13. The motor vehicles (to influence) the roadway condition. 14. The damage of the pavement (to cause) by the motor vehicle loads. 15. The traffic safety (to provide) by many factors of road maintenance.

8. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What qualifications are trained at the faculty?

2. What are the main elements of the road?

3. What artificial structures belong to the road?

4. What specialized subjects do the students of the faculty study?

5. What is the main purpose of highways?

6. Why is knowing the properties of road-building materials important?

7. What is the corner-stone of highway design?

8. What economical factors are essential in road-building?

9. What is the highway transportation cost?

10. What causes the damage of the pavement?

11. What does repair of the road involve?

12. What is the final aim of the proper highway maintenance?

9. Прочитайте и переведите отрывки, дополняющие информацию из текста. Ответьте на вопросы.

What aspects of highway policy should each engineer take into account? What can the applied loads cause? What is the maintenance of the road? What factors should be avoided during road designing?

1. Each highway engineer has unavoidable contact with three broad aspects of highway policies: development, operational and regulatory. The development policy deals with the construction, maintenance and operation of the highways. The operational policy concerns operation of the vehicles, because it greatly results in planning and design of the roads. The regulatory policy mainly concerns general regulation of transportation.

2. The roadway structure is the subject to the wheel loads of motor vehicles, which result in deflection of the surface and the underlying layers. The applied loads cause roughening and cracking of the pavement and in some cases can lead to the failure of road structure. In such cases the repair is needed. But it is much better to maintain the road properly.

3. Highway maintenance involves patching, filling ruts, removing surface corrugations, pouring cracks, blading surfaces, cleaning ditches and culvets, repairing bridges and fighting floods. It also includes operation of the highway as a safe, efficient and pleasing link in the nation’s highly important transportation system. This adds such duties as erecting signs and traffic control, painting traffic stripes, mowing grass and weeds, clearing away trash, removing snow, spreading cinders and other services which the public has come to expect.

4. The students of the faculty also study the designing of roads. The key-stone of modern highway design is to make the suitability of the highway for vehicle and driver as nearly perfect as possible. The designing of roads should be directed to eliminating accidents. The alignment should be the best obtainable when topography and urban development are considered. Sharp horizontal curvature should be avoided at the end of long tangents where surprise factor would cause many accidents. It is axiomatic that the longer the tangents, the flatter should be the connecting curve.

10. Прочитайте текст об истории развития дорожных сетей.

Mediterranean Sea – Средиземное море

Mayan – майя

Aztec – ацтеки

Incan – инки

Appia – город Апиа

Tresaguet – Трезeге (фамилия)

turnpike road – главная магистраль

Cumberland – Камберленд

ft - foot – фут

in - inch – дюйм

EARLY ROADS

Traces of early roads have been found which antedate recorded history. The first hard surfaces appeared in Mesopotamia soon after discovery of the wheel about 3500 B. C. On the island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea a stone-surfaced road constructed before 1500 B. C. was found. The direction in the Bible “make straight in the desert a high road“ refers to a road constructed soon after 539 B. C. between Babylon and Egypt. In the western Hemisphere evidence exists of extensive road systems constructed by the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan people of Central and South America. The Romans bound their empire together with an extensive system of roads radiating in many directions from Rome. The Appian Way, constructed southward about 312 B. C. illustrates the elaborate procedures that the Romans employed. First a trench was excavated to such a depth that the finished surface would be at ground level. The pavement was placed in three courses: a layer of small broken stones; a layer of small stones mixed with mortar and firmly tamped into place, and a wearing course of massive stone blocks, set and bedded in mortar. Many such roads are still in existence after almost 2000 years.