Практикум по реферированию и аннотированию медицинского текста (стр. 3 )

I

1.  Прочтите внимательно текст.

2.  Пронумеруйте абзацы.

3.  Найдите в 1 абзаце предложение, выражающее основную мысль.

4.  Прочтите вслух предложения 1 абзаца, где говорится о главных причинах смертности в начале прошлого века.

5.  Найдите в 1 абзаце ответ на вопрос: «Почему увеличилась продолжительность жизни?»; прочтите это предложение вслух.

6.  Во 2 абзаце найдите название болезней, которые влияют на продолжительность жизни в XXI веке.

7.  В 3 абзаце найдите ответ на вопросы: «Изменились ли заболевания и изменился ли подход к лечению этих заболеваний?»

8.  В 3 абзаце найдите информацию

-  о снижении количества людей, которые курят;

-  как правила безопасности дорожного движения снижают количество дорожно-транспортных происшествий.

9.  Найдите в 4 абзаце информацию о том, что сейчас является приоритетным в системе здравоохранения США.

10.  Найдите в 1, 2, 3 и 4 абзацах основную мысль.

11.  Озаглавьте каждый абзац.

II

1.  Обратите внимание на перевод условного предложения в 1 абзаце.

2.  Обратите внимание на перевод таких слов как: as well, due to (1 абзац); as well as (2 абзац); although (3 абзац); so, as (4 абзац).

3.  Обратите внимание на перевод формального подлежащего
(2 абзац) it is estimated … .

4.  Переведите слова, обращая внимание на словообразование:

1 абзац – expectancy, killer, injectious, complication, largly, sanitation, nutrition, maternal, mortality, biomedical.

2 абзац – illness, condition, behavioral, environmental, smoking, overweight, annually

3 абзац – preventing, treating, dramatically

4 абзац – improving, keeping

5.  Найдите в каждом абзаце формы Participle–I (V-ing) u Participle–II (V3/V-ed), переведите их.

III

1.  Прочтите текст ещё раз, составьте план.

2.  Сократите до минимума каждый абзац.

3.  Прочтите полученный реферат

4.  Дайте описательную аннотацию:

– вводная часть;

– название текста;

– выходные данные;

– описательная часть.

Text 2

Twelve Yardsticks for health

In order to monitor the progress of the entire planet towards the goal of Health for all, who has selected 12 global indicators for comparing each country’s well-being.	yardstick – критерий, мерка goal - цель entire – целый well-being – благополучие
The 12 global indicators are that: 1 – Health for all has received endorsement as policy at the highest official level. This might take the form of a declaration of commitment by the head of state; allocation of adequate resources equitably distributed; a high degree of community involvement; and the establishment of a suitable organizational framework and managerial process for national health development.	endorsement – подтверждение commitment – обязательство involve – вовлекать, затрагивать framework – структура
2 – Mechanisms for involving people in the implementation of strategies have been formed or strengthened, and are actually functioning. That is to say, effective mechanisms exist for people to express demands and needs; representations of political parties and organized groups such as trade unions, women's organizations, farmers' or other occupational groups are participating actively; and decision-making on health matters is adequately decentralised to the various administrative levels.	implement – выполнять, осуществлять strengthen – усиливать(ся), укреплять(ся) demands – and needs – спрос и потребность
3 – At least five per cent of the gross national product is spent on health.	gross national product – валовой национальный продукт
4 – A reasonable percentage of the national health expenditure is devoted to local health care. This includes first-level contact, including community health care, health centre care, dispensary care and the like, excluding hospitals. The percentage considered 'reasonable' will be arrived at through country studies.	expenditure – трата, расход
5 – Resources are equitably distributed. This means that the per capita expenditure as well as the staff and facilities devoted to primary health care are similar for various population groups or geographical areas, such as urban and rural areas.	equitable – справедливый devote – посвящать, предназначать
6 – In the case of developing countries, there are well-defined strategies for Health for all, accompanied by explicit resources allocations, and the needs for external resources are receiving sustained support from more affluent countries.	explicit – ясный явный sustain – подтверждать
7 – Primary health care is available to the whole population, with at least the following: –  safe water in the home or within 15 minutes walking distance and adequate sanitary facilities in the home or immediate vicinity; –  immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping-cough, measles, poliomyelitis and tuberculosis; –  local health care, including availability of at least 20 essential drugs, within one hour's walk or travel; –  trained personnel for attending pregnancy and childbirth and caring for children up to at least one year of age.	vicinity – округ, район
8 – The nutritional status of children is adequate in that: –  at least 90 per cent of newborn infants have a birth weight of at least 2,500 grammes; –  at least 90 per cent of children have a weight for age that corresponds to the reference values recommended by WHO.	adequate – соответствующий, достаточный
9 – The infant mortality rate for all identifiable subgroups is below50 per 1,000 live births.
10 – Life expectancy at birth is over 60 years.	life expectancy – продолжительность жизни
11 – The adult literacy rate for both men and women exceeds 70 per cent.
12 – The gross national product per head exceeds US $500. The Health for all series, No. 4 declares: 'It should be noted that the use of these global indicators implies that countries will commit themselves to use at least these and to report on them. It also implies that the WHO Regional Committees, the Executive Board and the World Health Assembly will have to commit themselves to use them and will have to take a firm stand to make sure that the information is forthcoming.	imply – подразумевать

Упражнения

I

1.  Прочитайте название текста и выскажите своё мнение (гипотезу) о предполагаемом содержании текста.

2.  Проследите, как основные тематические слова, фигурирующие в заголовке, повторяются в тексте и развивают его ключевую идею.

3.  Найдите в 1 абзаце ключевое словосочетание.

4.  Какое предложение 2 абзаца даёт ответ на вопрос: Do necessary mechanisms for involving people to express demands and needs exist?

5.  Переведите 3 абзац, обращая внимание на конструкции Passive Voice (to be + V3).

6.  В 4 абзаце найдите информацию о том, что входит в понятие «местное здравоохранение».

7.  Используя ключевое словосочетание, сформируйте основную мысль 6 абзаца.

8.  В 7 абзаце найдите ответ на вопрос: “Что включает в себя первичная медицинская помощь?”.

9.  Прочитайте и переведите ключевые словосочетания 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 абзацах.

II

1.  Обратите внимание на употребление глаголов в Perfect Tense (to have + V3) в 1, 2 абзацах, в 6 абзаце – Progressive Tense
(to be + V-ing), в 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 – Simple Tense (V). Какую смысловую нагрузку они несут?

2.  Найдите предложения с глаголами в Passive Voice (to be + V3) и переведите их.

III

1.  Прочитайте текст ещё раз

2.  Выделите ключевые словосочетания каждого абзаца. Составьте план.

3.  Составьте аналитическую аннотацию.

4.  Что вы узнали нового из этого текста?

Text 3

Is a cure for atherosclerosis on the way?

Mc Kenna, Wolfsons. Atherosclerosis, 2000

1. Medical experts firmly believe that with the age the sclerotic lesion of arteries is inevitable. Atherosclerosis and old age have become almost synonymous. But is this really the case?	cure - лечение, средство firmly - твердо inevitable - неизбежный lesion - повреждение
2. Cholesterin, which forms part of all the cell membranes of the organism, plays the main role in the development of atherosclerosis, when one is young and one's body is growing and developing, and the cells multiply mass, cholesterin is needed to build them up. And the organism actively produces this substance. Then comes a period in life when its formation and disintegration balance each other. As the years go by the balance may be disrupted and surplus cholesterin will appear. It penetrates the internal membrane of the walls of the blood vessels, settles on them and causes them to change. The end result of this process is well known - the vessels become less elastic, their internal lumen narrows, and this naturally hampers normal blood flow. The stenosis and occlusion of feeding vessels can result in infarction or stroke.	multiply – размножаться disintegration – распад disrupt – нарушать surplus – излишек penetrate – проникать settle – поселяться, располагаться lumen – просвет hamper – мешать occlusion – закупорка
3. Is it possible to combat the surplus of cholesterin? Scientists have already developed narrow selective sorbents, which remove from the blood only the so-called atherogenic lipoproteins-substances that are conductive to the development of atherosclerosis. Investigations have shown that if surplus cholesterin is removed from the blood three times a month, its content in the blood diminishes by 30 per cent. Is this a big or small amount? At any rate, it is ten times more than is achieved with the use of the most effective medicines. The result of this procedure is strinking: the sclerotically modified walls of the vessels are cleaned and the atherosclerotic process slows down sharply.	combat – бороться narrow selective sorbents – сорбенты с узкой избирательной способностью to be conductive – способствовать diminish – уменьшаться amount – количество modify – изменять, определять
4. Until recently the purely “technical” problem of how to accurately and, what is most important, quickly change the content of cholesterin, remained. Today, it has also been solved.	pure – чистый
5. Biotechnologists has synthesized a polymeric compound possessing two very important properties. On the one hand, it can connect with the cholesterin fixed in the cell membranes. On the other, it possesses a special «signal element». In the given case, this is silver which belons organically to this substance. Researchers have found that there is a definite dependence between the quantity of silver, which enters into reaction, and the quantity of cholesterin in the cells.	connect – соединяться possess – обладать researcher – исследователь quantity - количество
6. There is a fairly simple method for defining the cholesterin level: the blood cells, washed free of plasma, interact for some time with the “signal subslance”. Then they are placed in a special device which is a combination of an electron scanning microscope and an X-ray microanalyzer. Here two tasks are tackled simultaneously: the structure of individual cells is observed and they are chosen for analysis, and then — with the help of an X-radiation detector — it is established how much silver has entered into reaction. The «spectrum» of one cell can be taken in two minutes.	interact – взаимодействовать device - устройство tackle – решать, выполнять
7. This method paves the way to determing the cholesterin content in thousands of patients. One more advantage of the new method is that it requires only a tiny drop of blood from the finger.	to pave the way – прокладывать дорогу determine –определять require – требовать tiny – крошечный

Упражнения