I
1. Запишите заголовок реферируемой статьи с указанием фамилии и инициалов её автора.
2. Пронумеруйте абзацы текста и внимательно прочитайте его.
3. Прочтите первые два абзаца и найдите предложения, в которых говорится о роли холестерина в образовании клеток организма и развитии атеросклероза.
4. Найдите в 1 и 2 абзацах ответы на вопросы:
1) Why have atherosclerosis and old age become almost synonyms?
2) When will surplus cholesterin appear in the human organism?
3) Where does it penetrate?
4) What is the end result of this process?
5. Найдите во 2 абзаце предложение с модальным глаголом. Переведите его. В каком значении употреблен глагол may.
6. Найдите в 3 абзаце безличное предложение с формальным подлежащим.
7. Найдите в 1, 2, 3 абзацах предложения в Present Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Tenses. Объясните употребление этих времён.
8. Найдите в 3 абзаце предложение, подтверждающее, что ученые уже получили лекарства (сорбенты) с узкой избирательной способностью, которые удаляют из крови так называемые атерогенные липопротеиды – вещества, приводящие к развитию атеросклероза. Сократите до минимума это предложение за счёт слов, не несущих информативной нагрузки.
9. Прочитайте и переведите 4 абзац. О какой проблеме в нем говорится?
10. Найдите группу слов в 5 абзаце, которые выражают основную мысль абзаца.
11. Словами 5 абзаца ответьте на вопрос: «Какими свойствами обладает сложное полимерное соединение, полученное в биотехнологической лаборатории?».
12. Расскажите о новом методе определения уровня холестерина в крови, используя предложения 6, 7 и 8 абзацев. Сократите свое сообщение за счет слов в предложении, не несущих информативной нагрузки.
II
1. Просмотрите текст, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы. Найдите предложения с этими глаголами в 2, 5 и 6 абзацах. Дайте эквиваленты модальных глаголов.
Обратите внимание на форму инфинитива после модальных глаголов и переведите эти предложения.
2. Определите состав сложных слов и переведите их:
atherosclerosis (1 абзац); lipoprotein (3 абзац); biotechnology
(5 абзац); microanalyzer (6 абзац); biochemical (8 абзац)
3. В 3, 4, 6, 7 абзацах найдите предложения, в которых сказуемое стоит в страдательном залоге. Определите время и переведите эти предложения. Дайте общую формулу Passive Voice.
4. Переведите предложения, в которых говорится о лечении атеросклероза.
1. Prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis consist mainly of a certain regimen for the patient. He must get up, eat, work, and go to bed at exactly the same time every day.
2. Sound sleep is very important since it enables the nerve cells to rest.
3. Mental and physical overstrain must be excluded.
4. Smoking affects unfavorably. The walls of the blood vessels can result in their spasm, that is why patients suffering from atherosclerosis must not smoke.
5. The diet of the patients with atherosclerosis must contain sufficient amount of proteins, but fats and carbohydrates must be taken in very limited doses.
6. Vitamins are widely used in the treatment of atherosclerosis because some of them improve the metabolic processes and others dilate the vessels, particularly the peripheral ones.
III
1. Прочитайте текст ещё раз. Что вы знали об атеросклерозе? Что нового вы узнали из этого текста? Подтвердите это предложениями из текста.
2. Составьте план текста.
3. Выберите в каждом абзаце ключевые фрагменты и запишите их после соответствующих пунктов плана.
4. Обдумайте последовательность расположения пунктов плана и при необходимости перегруппируйте их.
5. На материале плана, ключевых фрагментов составьте текст реферативной аннотации.
6. Прочтите составленный вами текст реферативной аннотации и отредактируйте его.
Text 4
Causes of Obesity and Weight Gain
Medical Journal (Review)
Obesity has been poorly labeled as a cosmetic issue in American perception. Weight gain and obesity account for increased health costs, discrimination lawsuits and decreased productivity but the causes of obesity are not clear. Awareness by researchers and public health officials shed light on the tremendous health consequences of obesity. Obesity and morbid obesity are now considered a public health crisis, clearly changing the definition of obesity. No simplistic answers about obesity exist. Weight gain and loss depends on a number of factors. Here we'll detail some of the more common causes of obesity. | issue – предмет спора to account for – объяснять lawsuit – судебный процесс consequences – (по)следствия |
Genes and Heredity Obesity tends to run in families, implying genetic factors. The search for an "obesity gene" is complicated, however, by the fact that families also tend to share eating and lifestyle habits, making it difficult to separate genetics per se from behavior. Studies have been designed to determine how significantly genes and family lifestyles affect obesity. Recent studies acknowledge a condition known as metabolic syndrome that has the potential for defining a cause of obesity. The premise of the metabolic syndrome, according to researcher Richard P. Lifton, is that clusters of illnesses like high cholesterol and high blood pressure may be directly related to gene mutations in the mitochondria or energy center of the cell. It is yet to be determined if weight gain triggers metabolic syndrome or if metabolic syndrome triggers weight gain. | behavior - поведение to design – задумать, предполагать premise – предпосылка cluster – группа, концентрация trigger – привести в движение |
Environmental Causes of Obesity The average American is inundated with fast food, processed food, and enriched food choices on a daily basis. Advertisements for these food products boast their nutrition values and ease of preparation can make our lives easier. We lead busy lives, eat fast, and choose television or computer over exercise. At the same time, underweight models on our magazines and movie screens symbolize a distorted American ideal. America falls squarely into the high fat/low exercise category. This is unlikely to change quickly, so anyone trying to lose weight has to contend with a culture that marginalizes the obese while simultaneously creating the perfect environment for weight gain. Trying to deal with this contradiction may be one of the leading psychological causes of obesity as well as eating disorders. | to inundate – наводнять advertisement – реклама to contend – бороться contradiction – противоречие |
Psychological Factors It's no surprise that psychological factors and behavioral problems may cause weight gain in people. Many people eat when they're stressed, bored or angry. Over time, the association between an emotion and food can become firmly fixed. Depression and stress are leading causes of obesity and eating disorders. Indeed, obesity can be traced to behavioral or psychological difficulties. Contrary to popular myth, this does not indicate weakness or lack of will power. A mental disorder is as much a disease as any physical problem, and requires professional treatment. | to trace – прослеживать |
Physical Causes Certain physical disorders can lead to overeating, or interfere with the body's mechanism that regulates calorie use. Neurological damage can also interfere with proper calorie intake, especially if the hypothalamus, which regulates appetite, is damaged. In Cushings Syndrome, increased levels of cortisol are secreted. Cortisol, also known as the stress hormone, is known to increase the appetite, which may be a cause of obesity. Physical causes of obesity should always be considered. A condition known as hypothyroidism can lead to weight gain. In fact, hypothyroidism, a condition of the thyroid that slows the body's metabolism way down, is one of the significant causes of obesity in adults and in children. | to interfere – вмешиваться significant - важный |
Medications Certain medications can also be a cause of obesity. Steroid medications are common culprits increasing the amount of fluid the body holds in the body. Some migraine medications are also known to cause weight gain. Antidepressants and other mood altering medications, sometimes used for the treatment of stress, anxiety and depression can also cause increased weight gain. A recent study conducted by a team of researchers from the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York found that overeating is really an addiction, like any other addiction to drugs, alcohol etc. It has been known for a long time now that many people may develop an addiction to eating, eating disorders and poor eating habits. But the new study is important, because it shows that there is a close connection between stomach and the brain. Dr. Wang suggested that new methods of treating obesity and overeating may be linked to emotions, like in the case of drug addicts. "That is the million-dollar question. We must study to learn more about how the signal is transmitted and how to treat obesity. As with drug addiction, we might also have to treat the emotions," the leader of the study said. | culprit – виновный addiction – склонность к чему-либо to link – связывать |
Упражнения
I
1. Просмотрите текст. Сопоставьте его тематическую сетку с заголовком и выделите главные ключевые (тематические) слова и словосочетания.
2. Проследите, как основные тематические слова, фигурирующие в заголовке, повторяются в тексте и развивают его основную идею.
3. Разделите текст на абзацы.
4. В 1 абзаце найдите ответ на вопрос: «Является ли ожирение только проблемой косметологии?».
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