Практикум по реферированию и аннотированию медицинского текста (стр. 7 )

Minerals such as Epsom or Dead Sea salts, or therapeutic herbs and oils may be added.

Post-text work

1.  How does the text influence your point of view on alternative medicine? Can hydrotherapy be considered like holistic medicine?

2.  Answer the following questions:

1)  How many logical parts are there in the text?

2)  What is the main idea of each part?

3)  What are main uses of hydrotherapy?

4)  What is the history of hydrotherapy?

5)  What are the main principles of hydrotherapy?

3.  Sum up the main ideas of the text in a short annotative translation:

Use: Эта статья (текст) о …

Автор описывает …

Обсуждаются вопросы …

Делаются выводы о том, что …

Choose the best annotative translation in your group.

TEXT 2

Pre-text work

Looking at the heading of the text, decide what kind of information you think it might contain.

Skim and Scan

1.  As you read, think whether it is suitable title for the article. Give your reasons.

2.  Say what information given in the article is new.

FIVE APPLES A DAY KEEP THE

CARDIAC SURGEON AWAY

By Jeremy Laurance, Health Correspondent

Several apples a day - or any kind of fruit - will keep the cardiac surgeon away, researchers have found.

Eating fresh fruit every day cuts the risk of dying from a heart attack by almost a quarter and from a stroke by almost one third, a study has shown. Overall, those who ate fruit-daily increased their life expectancy by 20 per cent compared with those who ate fruit less frequently.

The findings of the study of 11,000 people, who were followed for 17 years, adds to evidence that regular consumption of fruit helps to prevent cancer. At least five items, such as an apple or orange, a day are recommended. Phytochemicals in the fruit are known to alter almost every stage in the development of cancer but the mechanism by which it affects heart disease is less well understood.

The results of the study, published in the British Medical Journal, were unexpected. Dr. Timothy Key and colleagues at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund's epidemiology unit at Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, who started the study in the 1970s, say they had expected to find that heart disease rates were lowest in those who ate a high fiber or vegetarian diet. Although these diets were associated with lower heart disease rates, daily consumption of fruit had a much bigger impact.

Matthew Gillman, assistant professor at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, says in a commentary in the BMJ that the challenge now is to increase consumption of fruit and vegetables among children. Professor Gillman says national strategies are now required to promote the "five a day" target.

Post-text work

1.  Describe what kind of reader you think the author has in mind.

2.  How does the article influence you?

3.  Translate the following words:

cardio, miocardia, cardiac, cardiogram, cardiovascular, carditis, myocardium, myocarditis.

4.  Find equivalents for:

сокращать риск смертности, продолжительность жизни, данные исследования, регулярное потребление,
развитие рака, намного больше влияния.

5.  Look through the article again and underline the phrases essential for general understanding.

6.  Study the article and write down the key points in your first draft.

7.  Study the key points of your first draft and write down an annotative translation.

TEXT 3

Pre-text work

1.  Before you begin reading this article say what in your view it is going to be. Use the heading as a clue.

2.  Say what you already know about aspirin effects.

3.  While reading the text make brief notes of all information (basic concepts, ideas) that you will find new. They will be of use when you write your annotation.

Skim and Scan

Read the text and write down another possible title of it. Say what information given in the article is new.

Aspirin effects differ in women

Broad benefits seen primarily in those 65 and older, Women 's Health Study data show.

While benefits of aspirin have been clearly established for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and events in both men and women, the drug has been poorly studied in women who did not have preexisting problems. Now, in results from the first large-scale investigation of the drug for prevention of cardiovascular disease and events in women, aspirin protected primarily against ischemic stroke yet increased gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, making use questionable in most women younger than 65 years and those in the elderly group at increased risk of GI problems.

Data from the Women's Health Study were presented at the 54th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology in Orlando by Paul M. Ridker, MD, of Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital, and released simultaneously by the New England Journal of Medicine. A total of 39,876 initially healthy women were followed for 10 years while they took aspirin 100 mg or placebo every other day. At follow-up, the risk of stroke was reduced significantly, by 17% in the aspirin group compared with the placebo group. This difference resulted from a 24% reduction in risk of ischemic stroke, as a nonsignificant increase was seen in the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in the group taking aspirin. Aspirin had no significant effect on the risk of fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular causes except in the subgroup of patients who were 65 and older.

Gastrointestinal bleeding requiring transfusion occurred more frequently in the aspirin group, with a 40% increase in relative risk. The increase in absolute risk was small, as the number of events totaled 127 in the aspirin group and 91 in the placebo group. Overall, five women died from gastrointestinal hemorrhages, including two who were taking aspirin and three who receiving placebo.

Writing in the New England Journal of Medicine, Ridker and his colleagues offered this advice to clinicians and patients: "With respect to guidelines in primary prevention, in 2002, the Preventive Services Task Force and the American Heart Association recommended aspirin for adults whose 10-year risks of a first coronary-heart-disease event were at least 6 percent and 10 percent, respectively. However, this may be complex for women, since in our study overall, aspirin lowered the risk of stroke without affecting the risk of myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular causes. Thus, as with men, any decision about the use of aspirin in primary prevention among women must ultimately be made after a woman consults her physician or health care provider, so that the net absolute benefits and risks for the individual patient can be ascertained."

Post-text work

1.  Underline one sentence in each paragraph which seems most important to you. Give logical reasons.

2.  Look through the text for the figures which are important for the general understanding. State the main issue discussed in the article.

3.  Give English equivalents: преимущества аспирина, профилактика сердечнососудистых заболеваний, широкомасштабные исследования, находиться под наблюдением в течении …, снижение риска, требующих переливания, умереть от кровоизлияния, снижать риск удара, быть уверенным.

4.  What aspects of the problem do you believe this article describe?

5.  Answer the questions:

1)  Have benefits of aspirin been clearly established?

2)  What does the first large-scale investigation demonstrate?

3)  When did gastrointestinal bleeding occur more often?

4)  What did Ridker and his colleagues offer to clinicians and patients.

6.  Write down an annotation in which you carefully consider how the author presents and supports different aspirin effects.

7.  Begin with identifying the author and the title of the text and the name of the periodicals.

8.  Remember the following words and phrases, which are used for generalization: generally, on the whole, in practice, it should be noted, besides, according to statistics …, in other words, as proof at it …

Text 4

Pre-text work

1.  Read the phrases which come from the text and think about ideas it will contain:

-  case

-  neurologist

-  a diagnosis of phenylketonuria (PKU)

-  motor development

-  flexor weakness

-  tremor in the arms

-  genetic testing

-  pathology

2.  Say what you know about phenylketonuria.

Skim and Scan

1.  Read the text and point out the main signs and symptoms of PKU.

Case 4 – 5

An 18-year-old man was referred by his neurologist for neurogenetics evaluation of progressive difficulty walking. He carries a diagnosis of phenylketonuria (PKU) made at the age of 2 weeks but had normal motor development. He engaged in athletic activities until 14 or 15 years of age, when his mother noted that he was walking more slowly. Gait difficulties have progressed, and he has difficulty keeping up with other family members and peers. His speech has deteriorated. He attends a special school program, and his performance has not changed. No other neurological deficits are present. Mother and patient report compliance with the PKU diet; however, she has had less opportunity to supervise his diet. His family history is significant for an 8-year-old sister affected by PKU. The patient's neurological examination shows no bulbar signs except for difficulty articulating words. Muscle strength is full except for mild hip flexor weakness associated with leg spasticity and clonus at the ankles. He has difficulty getting up from a chair and a squat position. Deep tendon reflexes are normoactive in the arms and increased in the legs with extensor plantar responses. Mild postural tremor in the arms, decomposition of movements on fihger-to-nose testing, and fatiguing of finger taps are noted. His gait is spastic, and he has difficulty with toe and heel walking. MRl studies of brain, cervical, and lumbar cord are normal, as are EMG and nerve conduction studies. Rheumatological and endocrine evaluations are normal. Genetic testing for HSP did not detect mutations in NIPA1 and spastin. Technical difficulties in mutational analysis of atlastin lead to an inconclusive result. The family history for HSP is negative, so the patient would represent a sporadic case. Since noncompliance with diet in patients with PKU is associated with neurological deficits, including spastic paraparesis and cognitive decline, a plasma level of phenylalanine is obtained and found to be very elevated.