Comment. This case illustrates the importance of excluding other possible causes, especially those, as in this case, that are treatable. If the phenotype progresses once the treatable causes are corrected, a diagnosis of spastic paraplegia may be investigated further.
Post-text work
1. Look through the text and underline the phrases essential for general understanding.
2. Study the case and write down the key points in your first draft.
3. Study the key points of your first draft and write down an annotative translation.
Text 5
Pre-text work
1. Before you begin reading this article say what in your view it is going to be.
2. Say what kind of reader you think the writer has in mind.
Skim and scan
1. Is allergy a hereditary disease?
2. Say what information given in the article is new.
ALLERGY
How do we become allergic to a particular substance? The human body is equipped with a sophisticated defence system. In the front line are five classes of antibodies called immunoglobulins, roused to action by harmful invaders such as bacteria, viruses and parasites.
An allergic person has a tendency to make an unusually large amount of immunoglobulin E, which has the unique ability to become attached to special cells in the skin, and the mucous membranes of nose, eyes and lungs.
When the sufferer eats, touches or breathes in an allergen, it sticks to the immunoglobulin E and provokes the cells into releasing irritant chemicals into surrounding tissue. And this is what causes allergic symptoms: hay fever, asthma, rashes, stomach upsets and diarrhea.
Post-text work
1. Read the article again and divide it into some paragraphs.
2. Decide which paragraphs:
a) gives the information how a man is getting allergic;
b) explains the cause of being allergic;
c) contains the information about allergic signs.
3. Make a draft of the article and write down an annotative translation.
Text 6
Pre-text work
1. Before you begin reading this article say what in your view it is going to be.
2. Say what you already know about allergy?
3. Study the following words from the article and explain their meaning in English. Consult the dictionary:
– key words
– background
– methods
– results
– conclusions
Skin and scan
Say what information given in the article is new.
Immunologic significance of respirable
atmospheric starch granules containing
major birch allergen Bet v i
G. F. Schdppi P. E. Taylor LA. Staff J. M. Rolland phioglu
C. F. Schappi, P. E. Taylor, I. A. Staff.
Pollen and Allergen Research Group, School of Botany,
University of Melbourne, Australia
Key words: allergens; allergic asthma; Bet v 1; birch pollen; micronic particles; respirable fine particles; starch granules.
Background: Birch-pollen allergens are an important cause of early spring hay fever and allergic asthma. Recently, we reported a mechanism for the release of respirable allergenic particles from birch pollen containing the major allergen Bet v 1. In this study, we aimed to assess the immunologic significance of the released Bet v 1-containing starch granules in the environment.
Methods: A two-site monoclonal antibody-based assay (ELISA) was employed to quantitate Bet v 1 in high-volume air sampler filter extracts, and immunogold-labelling was used on sections of these extracts to localize Bet v 1. Immunoblot analyses were performed with pooled sera from patients sensitive to birch pollen.
Results: Atmospheric starch granules contained Bet v 1, and the concentration increased upon light rainfall. Sera from patients allergic to birch allergens recognized extracts from isolated starch granules.
Conclusions: The clinical implications of these findings are that starch granules released from birch pollen are potentially able to trigger allergic asthmatic reactions to Bet v 1, since the allergen occurs in respirable particles. Thus, clinicians can advise asthma patients to remain indoors on days of light rainfall during the birch-pollen season to avoid high levels of allergen exposure.
Post-text work
1. Read the article again. Highlight or underline major ideas which you wish to discover.
2. Group the top sentences according to the questions: where, what, who, how?
3. Find English equivalents: аллерген пыльцы березы, сенная лихорадка, аллергенные частицы, намереваться оценить, высвобождённый Bet v, чувствительный к пыльце березы, сыворотка, гранулы крахмала, запускать реакцию, оставаться в помещении, избегать воздействия аллергенов.
4. Write down an annotation in which you carefully consider how the authors presents and supports their issue.
5. Try to get your reader to identify with your position by making a careful reasonable explanation and analysis of the problem underlying the argument – not just your opinion of it.
6. Begin with identifying the author and the title of the text and the name of the periodical.
7. Remember the following words and phrases, which are used for generalization: for instance, accordingly, because of, due to, as a matter of fact, as a result, as proof of it, in conclusion the author …
Text 7
Pre-text work
What do you think is the content of the article given below? Use the heading as a clue.
Skim and Scan
As you read, think whether it is necessary to use advertisement in medicine and pharmacy?
DOCTORS ANNOUNCE A PERSONALIZED
WEIGHT CONTROL PROGRAM
advertisement
Health Gains Through Weight Loss.
Most patients significantly lower blood pressure, cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels through medically supervised weight control.
Personalized Program Is Easy To Follow.
Your tasty and varied menu featuring regular foods and formula is individualized to your metabolism, lifestyle, and health requirements.
Health Improvements For Men and Women.
Recognizing the physical and behavioral differences among people — especially among men and women - treatment is individualized for every patient. For example, a special program has been developed to help abdominally obese men reduce their heightened risk of heart attack, stroke and diabetes.
Health and Fitness For The Long Run.
The program helps you develop exercise, nutrition, and eating habits to keep you fit for the rest of your life.
Post-text work
Sum up the main ideas of the article and write down an annotation / annotative translation.
Text 8
Pre-text
Looking at the heading of the text, decide what kind of information you think it might contain.
Skin and Scan
1. As you read, think whether it is suitable title for the text. Give your reasons.
2. Say what information given in the text is new.
Cancer prevention
In spite of the fact that the causes of many cancers are unknown, a number of opportunities exist for the primary prevention of cancer.
Primary prevention of some cancers can be achieved comparatively easily It is relatively simple to persuade some doctors not to prescribe hormones indiscriminately to women with, minor symptoms, and it is possible, although it can be expensive and difficult, to protect industrial workers from harmful chemicals. It is much more difficult, however, to influence smoking habits the main opportunity for primary prevention or to affect the social habits of young people.
Secondary prevention the attempt to detect cancer at an earlier, presymptomatic stage has also been attempted. The most successful programme of secondary prevention is that of screening all the women in a population for evidence of the early stages of cancer of the cervix (the neck of the womb). Cells are scraped from the surface of the cervix and examined for evidence of early cancer, a procedure known as cervical cytology. If cancer is detected at an early stage before it has invaded the underlying tissue, a small section of the cervix is removed. This extirpates the cancer but does not interfere with the woman's ability to bear children. Although there were some doubts about the effectiveness of this approach in the early stages of the screening programme, there is now firm evidence that cancer of the cervix is preventable by cervical screening. The main drawback is that those who are most at risk, for example women past child-bearing age, use the service less than younger women who are less at risk. To reduce the number of causes of cancer further research is needed to ascertain the reasons why some women do not accept the opportunity of the cervical smear test which is free, painless, and take only a few minutes. The reasons may be practical, such as difficulty in reaching the clinic or psychological, such as a belief that all cancer is hopeless and incurable and that the early detection of cancer of the cervix is useless.
Post-text work
1. Describe what kind of reader you think the author has in mind.
2. Look through the text again and underline the phrases essential for general understanding.
3. Study the text and write down the key points in your first draft.
4. Study the key points of your first draft and write down an annotation/annotative translation.
Text 9
Pre-text
Looking at the heading of the text, decide what kind of information you think it might contain.
Skin and Scan
1. As you read, think whether it is suitable title for the text. Give your reasons.
2. Say what information given in the text is new.
osteoarthritis
In older people the most common type of joint disease is osteoarthritis, which is sometimes called arthritis It is the wearing away of the smooth cartilage which covers the end of the bone at the joint surface The cartilage firstly wears thin and then wears away completely exposing bone which is not only rougher than cartilage but is sensitive to pain, which cartilage is not. The result is stiffness, due to the increased friction, and pain
Osteoarthritis affects almost everyone as they grow older but some people are very much more affected than others. Obesity puts an increased load on the weight bearing joints of spine, hips, knees, and feet which are the joints most commonly affected by osteoarthritis, and is the main preventable factor. But as many thin people are also affected there must be other causal factors, some of them probably genetic determining the rate at which cartilage wears out.
Although there are no drugs which can arrest the degeneration of the joint cartilage, as there are drugs to control the inflammatory rheumatoid process, medical treatment is also preventive because the control of pain by careful drug therapy allows the affected individual to remain mobile. In severe cases surgical replacement of the hip by the artificial hip developed by John Charley prevents disability
Post-text work
1. Describe what kind of reader you think the author has in mind.
2. Look through the text again and underline the phrases essential for general understanding.
3. Study the text and write down the key points in your first draft.
4. Study the key points of your first draft and write down an annotation/annotative translation.
Text 10
Pre-text
Looking at the heading of the text, decide what kind of information you think it might contain.
Skin and Scan
1. As you read, think whether it is suitable title for the text. Give your reasons.
2. Say what information given in the text is new.
schizophrenia
Some mental disorders are qualitatively different from the normal range of mood and thought. The commonest type of abnormal mental condition is schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a complex condition most clearly explained by J. K. Wing. The person with schizophrenia is usually affected by delusions, feelings of persecution, irrational thoughts, and absorption in his own thoughts to the exclusion of other people.
The search for the cause, or causes, of schizophrenia and other abnormal mental conditions has to focus on both internal factors — the genetic and biochemical constitution of the individual and the way his brain operates and external factors — his familial, social, and cultural background, Biochemistry, psychology, sociology, psychoanalytic methods, epidemiology; and other approaches have all been used in the study of schizophrenia but the search has been inconclusive1 and so far the primary prevention of sdiizophrenia is impossible.
However, new treatments have made schizophrenia a less disabling condition, enabling people to live in the community who previously would have been hospitalized for life. Phenothiazme drugs and a therapeutic approach that tries to restore the abilities of the person with schizophrenia to a level which will allow him to return to life in the community can, prevent the secondary complications of schizophrenia - complete withdrawal from society and dependence 011 hospital but the problem of schizophrenia remains unsolved.
Post-text work
1. Describe what kind of reader you think the author has in mind.
2. Look through the text again and underline the phrases essential for general understanding.
3. Study the text and write down the key points in your first draft.
4. Study the key points of your first draft and write down an annotation/annotative translation.
contents
Unit I | Теория аннотирования и реферирования ……………. | 3 |
Unit II | Практика реферирования и аннотирования …………. | 14 |
Unit III | Практика аннотирования реферирования …………..... | 41 |
Список использованной литературы
Вейзе , реферирование и аннотирование иностранного текста.- М. Высшая школа, 1985. Рябцева речь на английском языке. Руководство по научному изложению. Словарь сочетаемости общенаучной лексики.- 2 изд.- М.:Флинта: Наука, 2000.- 600с. Learn to Read Science. Курс английского языка для аспирантов: Учебное пособие/Рук. ,- 5 изд.- М.: Флинта: Наука, 2004- 360 с. Брукше. Reader – 2002.М.:Флинта: Наука, 2002. Millqvist E., Bengtsson U. Allergy 1999, 54, 495-496. National Library of Medicine (www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/healthtopics. html)
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