Past Perfect употребляется:
а) для выражения действия, завершившегося до какого-либо момента или другого действия в прошлом
· He had read the book by 5 o’clock yesterday (by the time I came; when I came). – Он прочёл книгу до пяти часов (к пяти часам) вечера (до того, как я пришел; когда я пришел.)
Форма “hah read” (прочёл) обозначает действие, завершенное в прошлом до определенного момента или до другого действия: “by 5 o’clock”, “by the time I came”, “when I came”.
· By eleven Cathy had finished all the work. – К одиннадцати Кэти закончила всю работу.
· I had hardly read more than the first three chapters when my attention was diverted by a conversation. – Не успел я прочесть первые три главы, как моё внимание привлёк чей-то разговор.
б) в предложениях, в которых одно действие завершилось до другого действия, длящегося в прошлом
· He had read the book and was watching TV when I came. – Когда я пришел, он уже прочитал книгу и смотрел телевизор.
К этому времени (т. е. к моему приходу) действие, выраженное глаголом в Past Perfect “had read” (прочитал), уже закончилось, а другое – “was watching” (смотрел) – продолжалось, т. е. действие “had read” завершилось до другого длящегося в прошлом действия “was watching”. Когда он смотрел телевизор, он уже книгу не читал.
· Johann noticed Anna had stopped abruptly at the doorway to the hall and was looking back at him. – Иоганн заметил, что Анна вдруг остановилась у двери в прихожую и смотрела на него.
Употребление форм Past Perfect и Past Simple:
Past Perfect – употребляется для выражения предшествующего действия, в то время как Past Simple – выражает последовательность действий.
· He had closed the window and was sitting in the armchair when I entered the room. – Он закрыл окно и сидел в кресле, когда я вошел в комнату (had closed – предшествующее действие àPast Perfect)
· When he closed the window he sat down in the armchair. – Когда (после того как) он закрыл окно, он сел в кресло (closed, sat down – последовательность действий à Past Simple)
Упражнения с ответами
Упражнение 8.1
Сопоставьте вопросы и ответы:
1. Why couldn’t she open the door? a) Her car had broken down.
2. Where did she go on holiday? b) The photos she had taken.
3. Why didn’t she come to the party? c) She had lost her keys.
4. Why did she walk through the forest? d) No one had invited her.
5. What did she show you? e) To the village where she had lived.
Упражнение 8.2
Составьте предложения, используя слова в скобках:
Example: The room was in a mess when we arrived. (nobody/clean/it) à Nobody had cleaned it.
1. When I came back from holiday the plants were dead. (my neighbour/forget/to water them)
2. When she came to the office Mike was no longer there. (he/already/leave/the office)
3. I came to the garage to collect my car but it wasn’t ready. (the mechanic/still/not repair it)
4. Mark couldn’t answer any questions the teacher was asking him. (he/not read/the book)
5. I wanted to see Kate at the party but she didn’t come. (they/not invite her/to the party)
6. I was surprised how well she knew the city. (she/be there/many times before)
7. There were a lot of police patrols in the city. (a dangerous criminal/escape/from prison)
Упражнение 8.3
Переведите на английский язык:
1. Я знал, что он вернулся из Парижа.
2. К пяти часам я закончил свою работу.
3. Она уже ушла, когда пришёл я.
4. Я не знал, что писать, т. к. я никогда раньше не заполнял подобные формы.
5. Когда Джек пришёл к Мэри, она уже была готова идти в кино.
6. Кейт не знала, что Джон уехал в Грецию. Он ей не сказал.
7. Я вас вчера не ждал, т. к. вы не предупредили о своём приезде.
8. К концу года он научился говорить по-французски.
9. Я был дома уже два часа, когда он пришёл.
10. К концу недели я сделал половину работы.
11. Я провел свой последний отпуск недалеко от Фокстауна. Мой друг посоветовал мне поехать туда.
12. Джек решил, что кто-то украл его велосипед.
Контрольные упражнения и тесты
Упражнение 8.4
Составьте предложения о том, что удалось или не удалось сделать Майку перед отъездом в отпуск:
(–) make a reservation
(–) buy a good guidebook
(+) learn some Greek
(+) leave his address book at home
(+) take the camera
(–) forget scuba diver’s licence
Example: Mike had some problems in finding a room at the hotel because he hadn’t made a reservation.
1. He didn’t know what he should see on the island because …
2. Luckily, he knew how to ask local people the way because …
3. He bought some postcards but couldn’t send them because …
4. Fortunately, he took some beautiful photos of the island because …
5. And he was able to rent scuba diving equipment because …
Упражнение 8.5
Заполните таблицу недостающими формами:
Verb | Past Simple | Past Perfect |
0. go | went | had gone |
1. see | ||
2. bring | ||
3. fall | ||
4. win | ||
5. shake | ||
6. hold | ||
7. sell | ||
8. draw | ||
9. spend | ||
10. grow |
Упражнение 8.6
Поставьте глаголы в скобках в Past Simple или Past Perfect:
1. I (meet) Paul yesterday but I (not recognize) him at first. He (change) so much!
2. We (come) out of the shop and (go) to the car park. But our car (be) no longer where we (leave) it.
3. He (be) afraid of the first driving lesson because he (never/drive) a car before.
4. I (go) to a firework display last week and I (enjoy) it very, very much. I (see) fireworks before but this display (be) absolutely the best.
Mike (not want) to go to the cinema with us. He (say) he (see) that film several times already.
Упражнение 8.7
Переведите на английский язык:
1. Он не пришел на концерт, потому что мы его не пригласили.
2. К тому времени, как мы собрались уходить из дома, дождь прекратился.
3. Когда он пришёл, занятие уже началось.
4. Он стал сильнее после того, как много плавал летом.
5. К тому времени, как я пришёл, все уже собрались.
6. Они закончили украшать зал к 5 часам.
7. Он вошел в зал, когда фильм уже начался.
8. Преподаватель вошел в кабинет и начал объяснять новое правило.
9. Саша вышел на улицу и вспомнил, что оставил телефон дома.
10. Она отдала мне документы только после того, как я назвал ей своё имя.
Teст – минимум 8
Выберите правильный вариант:
1. At the beginning of the film I realized that I saw/had seen it before.
2. My brother and I went/had gone swimming almost every day last summer.
3. You had/had had an umbrella when you left the house, didn’t you?
4. Jack finished/had finished his report by 3 o’clock yesterday.
5. I wanted to say goodbye to Jerry, but he already left/had already left.
6. When we got to the airport, I realized I had left/left my passport at home!
7. I read/had read the whole of “War and Peace” by the time I was seven years old.
8. Up until I was/were fourteen, I had lived in France all my life.
9. He taked/took the car to the garage because it had broken down.
10. Charlie went/had gone to bed by the time I got home.
Teст 8
1. Выберите правильный вариант:
1. I … sorry that I … nicer to him.
a) was; hadn’t been b) were; hadn’t been c) was; wasn’t
2. Nobody … to the meeting because Angela … to tell people about it.
a) come; had forgotten b) came; had forgotten c) had come; forgot
3. I knew I … her before somewhere.
a) saw b) had seen c) seen
4. Because he … the oil for so long, the car … down.
a) didn’t check; broke b) didn’t checked; broke c) hadn’t checked; broke
5. She couldn’t find the book that I … her.
a) lent b) had lent c) lended
6. All the people we … turned up, and some that we hadn’t invited.
a) was invited b) invited c) had invited
7. They … where he … the money.
a) found; had hidden b) found; hid c) had found; hid
8. It was a firm that I … of.
a) never heard b) had never heard c) had heard never
9. When she … in, we all knew where she … .
a) came; was b) had come; was c) came; had been
10. The lesson had already started when I … .
a) arriven b) had arrived c) arrived
2. Переведите на английский язык:
1) В понедельник я пришел домой в семь часов.
2) Моя жена еще не вернулась с работы.
3) Мой сын сидел за столом и готовил уроки.
4) Когда он увидел меня, он подбежал ко мне и сказал, что в тот день он получил две пятерки (excellent marks).
5) Я поужинал и начал читать газету.
6) Вдруг я вспомнил, что обещал своему приятелю вернуть его учебник.
7) Он дал его мне на два дня и просил вернуть вовремя.
8) Я отложил газету в сторону (to put aside) и отправился к другу.
Раздел 9. The Past Perfect Continuous.
Прошедшее перфектно-длительное (совершенное продолженное) время
Past Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Past Perfect (had been) и причастия настоящего времени смыслового глагола - Present Participle (ing-форма).
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма | ||||
... + had been + IV | Had... been + IV? | ... had not been + IV | ||||
I had (=I'd) been playing. Я играл. ( уже с... , когда...) | Had I been playing? Я играл? | I had not (=I hadn't) been playing. Я не играл. | ||||
He She It We You They | had been playing =(...'d been playing) | Had | he she it we you they | been playing? | He She It We You They | had not been playing =(hadn't been playing) |
Сокращенные формы: I had = I’d, she had = she’d, had not = hadn’t
Употребление формы Past Perfect Continuous:
1. Для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, которое началось ранее другого прошедшего действия, выраженного в Past Indefinite, и еще продолжалось в момент совершения последнего. При этом должен быть указан период времени, в течение которого действие уже совершалось, например, с такими обозначениями времени, как:
for two hours в течение двух часов for a month в течение месяца for some time в течение некоторого времени since five o’clock с пяти часов | since I came с тех пор, как я пришел all his life всю его жизнь all day long весь день |
На русский язык переводится глаголами несовершенного вида прошедшего времени:
She had been sleeping for three hours when we returned. | Она спала уже три часа, когда мы возвратились. |
We had been traveling for a week when the car broke down. | Мы путешествовали неделю, когда машина сломалась. |
Если не указано, как долго совершалось действие, то вместо Past Perfect Continuous употребляется Past Continuous:
I was working when my brother came. | Я работал, когда пришел мой брат. |
2 . Для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, которое закончилось непосредственно перед определенным моментом или действием в прошлом. Конкретный момент в прошлом обычно определяется ситуацией, а сама форма Past Perfect Continuous подчеркивает продолжительность предыдущего действия и его последствия к описываемому моменту. Период времени, в течение которого совершалось действие, может быть как указан, так и не указан.
Her eyes were red. I saw she had been crying. | У нее были красные глаза. Я увидел, что она плакала. |
At last we found the path we had been looking for. | Наконец мы нашли тропу, которую искали. |
Упражнения с ответами
Упражнение 9.1
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
1) I was tired. I (work) all day long.
2) The room was empty but there was a smell of cigarettes. Somebody (smoke) in the room.
3) It was very hot in the house and she (lie) awake for hours.
4) It (snow) heavily and the telephone was cut down.
5) It (rain) for weeks and the only bridge across the river was destroyed.
6) He (study) the problem for years.
Упражнение 9.2
Составьте предложения:
1) Your friend/live in Siberia for 5 years/move to the Far East.
2) She/take this medicine for a week/recover.
3) Kasparov/play chess for 5 years/become the world chess champion.
4) Mr. Brown/travel in India for 3 years/settle down in his native town.
5) The actors/rehearse the play for a month/stage it.
6) He /write books for a few years/rise to fame.
7) He/compose music for 2 years/become popular.
Упражнение 9.3
Переведите на английский язык:
1) Когда я пришла, он уже более 5 часов смотрел телевизор.
2) Когда она позвонила, Катя уже более шести часов читала книгу.
3) Когда ты прислал письмо, мы уже более 5 лет жили в Москве.
4) Она уже читала книгу более часа, когда ты позвонил?
5) Сколько времени они уже переводили текст, когда им разрешили пользоваться словарями?
6) Он служил уже более полугода, когда получил первое письмо.
Контрольные упражнения и тесты
Упражнение 9.4
Используйте глаголы из таблицы в Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
consider | burn |
drive | hope |
quarrel | rain |
practice | write |
work | try |
1. He___the car for many hours before he came to the crossroads.
2. The pianist ___ the passage hour after hour till he mastered it.
3, When I met her, her eyes were red. She and Mike again____.
4, When I came, they___ this question for more than an hour.
5. It was evening and he was tired because he___since dawn.
6. He ___ to get her on the phone for 15 minutes before he heard her voice.
12 o'clock they _____ a composition for two hours.
8. The fire___for some time before a fire brigade came.
9.1___to meet her for ages when I bumped into her by chance.
10. When I left home, it was raining, and as it___since morning, the streets were muddy.
Упражнение 9.5
Переведите слова в скобках и закончите предложения:
1) We were to meet with the solicitor at 5. He hadn’t come. We /ждали его/ for forty minutes.
2) At last Danny had his own notary’s office. How long he /мечтал/ to have the notary’s office of his own!
3) Peter woke up late at night. He was frightened and couldn’t understand what /случилось/. He /увидел во сне/ that he /скрывался/ from somebody for a long time as if he /совершил преступление/.
4) They were very tired. They /расследовали/ the accident for more than 20 hours.
5) He said that he /читает/ stories of Agatha Christie for two weeks already and /прочел/ 7 stories already.
Упражнение 9.6
Раскройте скобки, используя Past Perfect Continuous или Past Continuous Tenses:
1) Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor, he (look) for his pen.
2) When I arrived she (wait) for me. But she looked angry as she (wait) for a very long time.
3) They still (walk) when it started snowing.
4) The car (wait) at the door. It (wait) for two hours.
5) The sun (shine) all day long yesterday.
6) John (drive) a car when the accident happened.
7) The sky (clear) though it (rain) still.
8) The telephone (ring) for a few minutes before somebody picked up the receiver.
Упражнение 9.7
Составьте предложения по модели:
We began singing. After an hour Mike came. We had been singing for an hour when Mike came.
1) They started playing cards. After half an hour Pete rang up.
2) Liz and Paul went to live to London. A year later their daughter came to see them.
3) The children started playing hide-and-seek. After about 20 minutes Jack joined them. 4. We started preparing for the party. Half an hour later the taxi came.
4) They drove for two hours. Then they stopped.
5) He worked in this school for 5 years Then he changed his job.
Упражнение 9.8
Раскройте скобки, используя формы Past Perfect Continuous или Past Perfect:
R: How was your job interview?
V: Awful. I felt terribly nervous. I (worry) about it all week. And I was tired because I (work ) on my project the night before. I (not to look) forward to the interview at all.
R: So what happened?
V: The woman interviewing me was half an hour late because she (deal) with an unexpected problem, she said.
R: How did the interview go?
V: Well, I tried to sound confident. For two weeks. I (read) a book that says what you have to do in job interviews. But I don't know if I gave the right answer.
R: Don't worry. I think you were the best among the other candidates, besides you (train) as a cook for six months.
Тест - минимум 9
1. Используя the Past Perfect и the Past Perfect Continuous и информацию в данных предложениях, составьте новое по модели:
My father worked in the garden all afternoon. Then he took a hot bath. = My father took a hot bath because he had been working in the garden all afternoon.
1) Dan went for a walk. In the woods he saw some rare birds. When he got home, he wrote a letter to the local newspaper about them.
2) My friend came top in the final examination. Her father bought her a car as a reward.
3) John came home from work early. He cooked lunch His family were very impressed.
4) Ann worked very hard all morning. Her boss gave her en extra half hour for lunch. She boasted about it.
5) Bill went to the disco. He came home very late. His mother was worried and she told him off when he got in.
6) Alex tried to mend a broken window. He cut his hand. He went to hospital.
7) I lost my watch. We had looked for it for hours. I was very pleased when my son found it.
8) Julia attended a language course. She made some new friends. She sent postcards to them.
9) There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of cigarettes.
10) When I got home, my younger brother was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off.
11) I woke up in the middle of the night. I was frightened. I saw a nightmare.
12) I arranged to meet Tim at the station. He didn't come. An hour later I went home.
Тест 9
1. Put the verbs into the correct form, Past Perfect Continuous or Past Continuous:
1) The investigator observed the crime scene very carefully. He (examine) marks, fingerprints, footprints, tyremarks, cigarette stubs, bloodstains.
2) When I arrived, Ann (wait) for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was late and she (wait) for a very long time.
3) I came and saw Alice. She (stand) at the witness stand. It seemed to me the barrister (question) her for a long time. When I saw her eyes I understood, she (cry).
4) They (discuss) the evidence for half an hour.
5) He (serve) his sentence in the Bastille for ten years.
6) I (ponder) over catching a shop-lifter red-handed for several days already.
7) The judge (announce) the sentence on the accused when you came in.
8) One evening Alf (watch) the television and (eat) his supper when the door suddenly opened and a burglar came in.
2. Переведите на английский язык:
1) К тому времени как ребенок уснул, мать уже более часа готовила ужин.
2) Когда мама пришла домой, дети уже более часа делали домашнее задание.
3) К 8 вечера она говорила по телефону уже более 3 часов.
4) Мы шли под дождем уже час, когда увидели дом.
5) Его руки были грязными. Он копал землю.
6) К тому времени она уже училась в институте.
Раздел 10. Сравнение The Past Simple Tense, The Past Continuous Tense, The Past Perfect Tense, The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Simple
Формы глагола в Past Simple
Число | Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
Ед. и мн. | I (you, he, she, it, we, they) asked. | Did I (you, he, she, it, we, they) ask? | I (you, he, she, it, we, they) did not ask. |
В разговорной речи вместо полной формы did not обычно используется сокращённая didn’t.
Past Simple употребляется для выражения:
а) повторяющегося действия или постоянного признака предмета в прошлом
· He always came to school on time. – Он всегда приходил в школу вовремя.
· He made an entry in his diary every night. – Каждый вечер он делал запись в дневнике.
В предложениях с Past Simple для указания на повторный характер действия употребляются слова every day / month/ year / week – каждый день / месяц / год / каждую неделю; often – часто, sometimes – иногда, never – никогда и т. д.
· She always said she was thirty-five years old. – Она всегда говорила, что ей тридцать пять лет.
· He was a good pupil. – Он был хорошим учеником.
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