The flow of blood in each side of the heart is controlled by a series of valves. The pumping action of the heart is achieved by the contraction of the cardiac muscle, of which the heart is largely composed. The rhythm of the heartbeat is regulated by bursts of electrical impulses sent out by a concentration of specialized heart tissue called the pacemaker.
Under the influence of the pacemaker, the heart of an adult at rest beets at a rate of 60 to 80 beats a minute. The pacemaker also helps to ensure the correct sequence of activities during each heartbeat; first the two atria contract, followed rapidly by the ventricles. The powerful contraction of the ventricles pushes blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery. This period of contraction (systole) is followed by a period of relaxation (diastole), during which the heart refills. The complete sequence is accompanied by electrical activity of the muscle, which can be monitored as an electrocardiogram (EKC).
Приложение 3
Angina Pectoris
Angina pectoris is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart muscle does not get enough blood. Angina may feel like pressure or a squeezing pain in your chest. The pain may also occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. It may also feel like indigestion.
Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD), the most common type of heart disease. CAD occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries. This buildup of plaque is called atherosclerosis. As plaque builds up, the coronary arteries become narrow and stiff. Blood flow to the heart is reduced. This decreases the oxygen supply to the heart muscle.
Types of Angina
The three types of angina are stable, unstable, and variant. It is very important to know the differences among the types.
- Stable angina. Stable angina is the most common type. It occurs when the heart is working harder than usual.
- There is a regular pattern to stable angina. After several episodes, you learn to recognize the pattern and can predict when it will occur. The pain usually goes away in a few minutes after you rest or take your angina medicine. Stable angina is not a heart attack but makes it more likely that you will have a heart attack in the future.
What Causes Angina?
Angina is caused by reduced blood flow to an area of the heart. This is most often due to coronary artery disease (CAD). Sometimes, other types of heart disease or uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause angina.
In CAD, the coronary arteries that carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle are narrowed due to the buildup of fatty deposits called plaque. This is called atherosclerosis. Some plaque is hard and stable and leads to narrowed and hardened arteries. Other plaque is soft and is more likely to break open and cause blood clots. The buildup of plaque on the inner walls of the arteries can cause angina in two ways: by narrowing the artery to the point where the flow of blood is greatly reduced and by forming blood clots that partially or totally block the artery.
The illustration shows a normal artery with normal blood flow (Figure A) and an artery containing plaque buildup (Figure B).
Who Is At Risk for Angina?
People with coronary artery disease or who have had a heart attack are more likely to have angina.
Unstable angina occurs more often in older adults.
Variant angina is rare. It accounts for only about 2 out of 100 cases of angina. People with variant angina are often younger than those with other forms of angina.
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Angina?
Pain and discomfort are the main symptoms of angina. These symptoms
- Are often described as pressure, squeezing, burning, or tightness in the chest Usually start in the chest behind the breastbone May also occur in the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, throat, or back May feel like indigestion
Some people say that angina discomfort is hard to describe or that they can't tell exactly where the pain is coming from. Symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, shortness of breath, sweating, light-headedness, or weakness may also occur. Symptoms vary based on the type of angina.
Key points:
- Angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart muscle does not get enough blood. Angina may feel like pressure or a squeezing pain in your chest. The pain may also occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Most people with angina have coronary artery disease, with narrowed arteries due to atherosclerosis. When arteries are narrowed, blood flow to the heart is reduced. The most common types of angina are stable angina and unstable angina. A less common type of angina is called variant angina. Stable angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart is working harder than usual. Pain from stable angina goes away when you rest or take your angina medicine. Angina medicine, such as nitroglycerin, helps widen and relax the arteries so that more blood can flow to the heart. Unstable angina is a very dangerous condition that requires emergency treatment. Unstable angina is a sign that a heart attack could occur soon. Unstable angina can occur without physical exertion. It is not relieved by rest or medicine. Variant angina is caused by a spasm in a coronary artery. The spasm causes the walls of the artery to tighten. This narrowing of the artery slows or stops blood flow to the heart. The immediate cause of angina pectoris is believed to be myocardial ischemia. A coronary artery which has been narrowed by an atherosclerotic plaque may allow enough blood to pass through it to satisfy the demands of the myocardium during rest and during mild activity. If cardiac work should increase beyond a certain threshold level, however, a disproportion between available blood on the one hand and the work of the heart on the other is created and myocardial ischemia is the result. Angina pectoris is the subjective manifestation of this myocardial ischemia, and it will last until cardiac demands again fall to the level which can be satisfied by the coronary blood flow available. In addition to physical effort, the work of the heart can be increased by eating a meal, by emotional disturbances, and by peripheral vasospasm such as that which occurs on exposure to a cold atmosphere. Hence after a meal, during an emotional upset or in cold weather, angina pectoris occurs with less physical effort than would otherwise be the case. Obesity also adds to the work of the heart because of the greater demand for blood to nourish the extra fat, and of the greater amount of effort necessary to carry this extra weight. Doctors diagnose angina based on your health history, your family’s health history, a physical exam, and the results of various tests. Angina is usually treated with medicines such as nitrates (nitroglycerin). People with angina may need to take other medicines to lower their blood pressure or cholesterol. They also may take medicine to prevent blood clots. To prevent and treat angina, it is important to make changes to improve your health. Get regular physical activity, maintain a healthy weight, don't smoke, and eat a healthy diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol. A cardiac rehab program can be helpful for many people with angina. When medicines and lifestyle changes do not control angina, special procedures may be needed. Angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery are two common procedures used to treat angina.
Занятие 9-10
1. Тема: «The Respiratory system».
2. Формы работы: подготовка к практическим занятиям, подготовка материалов по НИРС.
4. Перечень вопросов для самоподготовки по теме практического занятия.
Знать лексический минимум по теме, основную медицинскую терминологию на иностранном языке; грамматический материал - страдательный залог; уметь использовать знания лексико-грамматического материала устной и письменной речи, владеть иностранным языком в объеме, необходимом для возможности коммуникации и получения информации из зарубежных источников.
Задания.
1. Отработка лексико-грамматического материала. Подбор английских эквивалентов к латинским словам trachea, larynx, cilium e. t.c., подбор синонимов и антонимов к словам. (№1 - 2 стр. 74, №16-18 стр. 78)
2. Изучающее чтение и перевод текста “The Respiratory System”
3. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What does the term “respiration” mean?
2. Describe the process of external respiration.
3. How many per sent oxygen does inhaled air contain?
4. Do muscular efforts increase the number of respiration?
5. Why is respiration so important?
6. How many per sent oxygen does exhaled air contain?
7. What is the diaphragm?
8. Name some other structures connected with the respiratory system.
4. Письменный перевод текста (5, 6 абзац).
5. Изучающее чтение и перевод текста “The Disorders of the Respiratory System”
6. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is bronchopneumonia?
2. What is pneumonia caused by?
3. What are particular signs of the respiratory diseases?
4. What does the physical examination reveal?
5. What treatment is helpful in controlling pneumonia?
7. Повторение грамматического материала - понятие страдательного залога, образование времен страдательного залога. Действительные и страдательные обороты. Употребление страдательных оборотов.
В английском языке глаголы могут иметь два залога: действительный залог (the Active Voice) и страдательный залог (the Passive Voice). Глагол в действительном залоге обозначает действие, которое производится подлежащим:
I examined the patient. Я осмотрел больного.
Глагол в страдательном залоге обозначает действие, которое производится над подлежащим:
I was examined. Я был осмотрен/Меня осмотрели.
В английском языке глаголы делятся на объектные и необъектные. Необъектные глаголы выражают действия, которые не могут быть направлены на какой-то объект. Эти глаголы не имеют при себе дополнения и не могут употребляться в страдательном залоге.
Примером необъектных глаголов являются следующие глаголы: to go — идти, to live — жить, to come — приходить, to work — работать.
Объектные глаголы выражают действия, которые могут быть направлены на какой-нибудь объект. Они могут иметь при себе прямое, косвенное и предложное дополнение.
Примером объектных глаголов являются следующие глаголы:
to examine осматривать Я осматривал (кого? что?)
больного.
to give давать Он дает (кого? что?) урок.
to see видеть Мы видели (кого? что?) вас.
В страдательном залоге могут употребляться только объектные глаголы.
Времена страдательного залога группы Simple образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в Present, Past или Future Simple и причастия II смыслового глагола.
В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, причем в Future Simple на 1-ое место ставится вспомогательный глагол shall или will.
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола, при этом в Future Simple эта частица ставится после 1-го вспомогательного глагола shall или will.
Подлежащее в предложении, содержащем глагол в Passive Voice, является объектом действия, действующее же лицо в таком предложении выражается дополнением с предлогом by:
The operation was performed Операция была выполнена
by professor N. профессором Н.
4. Самоконтроль по тестовым заданиям данной темы.
1. Поставьте вопросы к выделенному слову:
1. All the tests will be taken tomorrow.
2. The patient’s lungs are auscultated carefully every day.
3. The patient will be given some heart drug as he complains of pain in the chest.
4. The stethoscope is kept in special cabinets.
5. Two or three lungs operations are performed in our clinic every day. 6. He will be admitted to the hospital in two days.
2. Выберите правильный вариант:
1. These instruments …….. now.
a) are used b) have been used c) are involved d) is involved
2. The tooth ………. under local anaesthesia and you will feel no pain at all.
a) is extract b) are extracted c) is extracted d) has extracted
3. When will the operation …..?
a) is performed b) are performed c) was performed d) be performed
4. The drug ……. when the patient wakes up.
a) to inject b) will be injected c) will inject d) injects
5. These patients ……. from our hospital.
a) will discharged b) have been discharged c) is discharged d) discharges
6. On admission to the hospital patients by the doctor on duty.
a) to examine b) be examined c) is examined d) are examined
7. He ………. a new more effective drug.
a) was prescribed b) have prescribed c) been prescribed d) will prescribes
8. The lecture ……….by Professor Smirnov on Monday.
a) will be delivered b) be delivered c) is delivered d) were delivered
9) The concept of respiration ……… directly upon the work of Lavoisier.
a) were based b) are basing c) was based d) have based
10) By the discovery of the tubercle bacillus Robert Koch …….. already much ……… .
a) had been spoken b) was spoken c) is spoken d) will be spoken
3. Choose the correct word:
1. The coughing begins, and there may be (отхаркивание).
A. attention C. breathing
B. prostration D. expectoration
2. (Воспаление) of the lung, with or without infection is also called pneumonitis.
plications C. inflammation
B. cause D. infection
3. The organisms that (вызывают) most pneumonias are already present in the
environment.
A. form C. lead
B. do D. cause
4. There are many possible causes of lung inflammation, including (инфекцию).
A. condition C. hypersensitivity
B cause D. infection
5. The ambulance can give (экстренную) surgical and therapeutic
treatment.
A. qualified C. starting
B. dental D. emergency
6. The patient has (двустороннюю) pneumonia.
A. chronic C. lobular
B. clear D. bilateral
7. The (причина) of the disease is unknown.
A. condition C. signs
B. cause D. attack
8. A variety of (осложнений) may occur with lobar pneumonia.
A. inflammation C. cases
plications D. rates
9. The lungs are main organs of (дыхательной системы).
A. respiratory surface C. respiratory rate
B. respiration D. respiratory system
10. Patients often (жалуются) pain in the throat.
A. suffer from C. try to
plain of D. breathe out
11. This medicine (облегчает) an asthma attack.
A. causes C. takes
B. is given D. relieves
12. Sometimes the pain may extend in the (брюшная полость или живот)
simulating acute appendicitis.
A. lymph C. lung
B. abdomen D. chest
13. The disease usually terminates by crisis, when the temperature
(падает).
A. does C. drops
B. makes D. looks
14. She had (сухой кашель) two days ago.
A. dry cough C. purulent sputum
B. persistent cough D. acute attack
15. These various factors lead to two different patterns of pneumonia.
A. приводят C. приведут
B. привели D. могут привести
16. Many pneumonias that are infectious begin for no apparent reason.
A. были начаты C. начались
B. начинаются D. начнутся
17. Inflammation of the lung, with or without infection is called pneumonitis.
A. называет C. назывался
B. называется D. был назван
18. General measures include rest, support of breathing, if needed.
A. включает C. будут включать
B. включил D. включают
19. These various factors can lead to two different patterns of pneumonia.
A. не нужно C. могут
B. можем D. могли
20. Many complications may occur with lobar pneumonia.
A. могут C. должен
B. мог D. может
5. Самоконтроль по ситуационным заданиям.
1. You are the head of pulmonologic department. There will be an audit next month. To pass it without troubles you have to write a guide for patients. Starting with “When you are admitted to the hospital …..” and finishing “…. You are discharged”
2. You are at the examination. Your topic is “The work of the structures connected with the respiratory system”. Pay special attention to the exchange of gases occurring in the lungs.
3. You have gathered parents of ill children who are in your department. You explain them the causes, precautions and preventive measures of respiratory diseases.
4. You are a doctor. And you are examining the patient with such symptoms as constant and moist cough with expectoration, pain in the side, accelerated respiration and high temperature. Make a correct diagnosis.
6. Перечень практических умений по изучаемой теме.
1. Владеть навыками монологической и диалогической речи, использовать новую лексику, уметь вести беседу по изучаемой теме.
2. Владеть навыками изучающего чтения, извлекая необходимую информацию.
3. Уметь переводить со словарем оригинальный текст по специальности.
7. Рекомендации по выполнению НИРС.
1. “The modern medicine in Russia”
2. “The history of the Therapeutic/Pediatric Faculty of the Krasnoyarsk State Medical University”
8. Рекомендованная литература по теме занятия.
основная: Английский язык: Учебник для медицинских вузов и медицинских специалистов
дополнительная: англо-русские, русско-английские словари, грамматические справочники.
Приложение 1
The Human Respiratory System
This system includes the lungs, pathways connecting them to the outside environment, and structures in the chest involved with moving air in and out of the lungs.
Air enters the body through the nose, is warmed, filtered, and passed through the nasal cavity. Air passes the pharynx (which has the epiglottis that prevents food from entering the trachea).The upper part of the trachea contains the larynx. The vocal cords are two bands of tissue that extend across the opening of the larynx. After passing the larynx, the air moves into the bronchi that carry air in and out of the lungs.
The lungs and alveoli and their relationship to the diaphragm and capillaries.
Bronchi are reinforced to prevent their collapse and are lined with ciliated epithelium and mucus-producing cells. Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes known as bronchioles. Bronchioles terminate in grape-like sac clusters known as alveoli. Alveoli are surrounded by a network of thin-walled capillaries. Only about 0.2 µm separate the alveoli from the capillaries due to the extremely thin walls of both structures.
The lungs are large, lobed, paired organs in the chest (also known as the thoracic cavity). Thin sheets of epithelium (pleura) separate the inside of the chest cavity from the outer surface of the lungs. The bottom of the thoracic cavity is formed by the diaphragm.
Приложение 2
Gas Exchange in the Respiratory System
The condition of the airways and the pressure difference between the lungs and atmosphere are important factors in the flow of air in and out of lungs. Many diseases affect the condition of the airways.
Inhalation and exhalation
· Asthma narrows the airways by causing an allergy-induced spasms of surrounding muscles or by clogging the airways with mucus.
· Bronchitis is an inflammatory response that reduces airflow and is caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollutants, or allergens.
· Cystic fibrosis is a genetic defect that causes excessive mucus production that clogs the airways.
The Alveoli and Gas Exchange
Diffusion is the movement of materials from a higher to a lower concentration. The differences between oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations are measured by partial pressures. The greater the difference in partial pressure the greater the rate of diffusion.
Respiratory pigments increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Humans have the red-colored pigment hemoglobin as their respiratory pigment. Hemoglobin increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood between 65 and 70 times. Each red blood cell has about 250 million hemoglobin molecules, and each milliliter of blood contains 1.25 X 1015 hemoglobin molecules. Oxygen concentration in cells is low (when leaving the lungs blood is 97% saturated with oxygen), so oxygen diffuses from the blood to the cells when it reaches the capillaries. Gas exchange across capillary and alveolus walls.
Приложение 3
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Приложение 4
The Disorders of the Respiratory System
The pneumonias are known to form a large and important class of respiratory disorders. The most common types of inflammation of the lungs are croupous оr lobar pneumonia, and bronchopneumonia or catarrhal pneumonia.
Lobar pneumonia is caused by pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci. In lobar pneumonia one lobe or a portion of a lobe may become affected. The pathologic process oft arises in the lower right lobe, then in the lower left an upper right lobes. The onset of lobar pneumonia is sudden. Pain in the side is often absent in children, especially you ones. Cough is usually slight or even absent. Respiration is shallow and accelerated. The pulse-respiration ratio falls to 2-3:1. The temperature may reach 40°C at the height the disease.
Auscultation and percussion reveal bronchial respiration dullness, moist bubbling râles and crepitation. On auscultation attention should be concentrated on the following spaces: the axillae — early appearance of bronchial respiration in lobar pneumonia, the paravertebral spaces — frequent localization of bronchopneumonia in babies and the interscapular space — onset of pneumonia.
Bronchopneumonia which predominates in childhood may be caused by pneumococci, streptococci or influenza bacilli. The site of the infection is limited to the pulmonary lobu1. The onset of bronchopneumonia is usually insidious, its course is slower than in lobar pneumonia, and it may look like some other kind of respiratory infection (influenza, whoop in cough, bronchitis). On auscultation and percussion bronchia breathing, fine moist râles and crepitations are found.
Dyspnea and weakened cardiac activity are characteristic symptoms. Cough is usually present through the whole course of the disease, sometimes continuous, but more often intermittent. Due to the tendency of children to swallow the secretions from their lungs, it is unusual for them produce any expectoration. The temperature as a rule shows daily fluctuation and is usually expected to reach its maximum in the first few days.
Bed rest, abundance of fresh air, fluid digestive diet and specific treatment with two antibiotics are usually helpful in controlling bronchopneumonia.
Занятие 11-12
1. Тема: «The Digestive system».
2. Формы работы: подготовка к практическим занятиям, подготовка материалов по НИРС.
4. Перечень вопросов для самоподготовки по теме практического занятия.
Знать лексический минимум по теме, основную медицинскую терминологию на иностранном языке; грамматический материал - герундий; уметь использовать знания лексико-грамматического материала устной и письменной речи, владеть иностранным языком в объеме, необходимом для возможности коммуникации и получения информации из зарубежных источников.
Задания.
1. Поисковое чтение текста “The Abdomen” – предложения содержащие герундий.
2. Изучающее чтение и перевод текста “The Abdomen”
3. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What are the organs of the abdominal cavity?
2. What organ separates the abdomen from the cavity of the thorax?
3. What is the largest organ in the abdominal cavity?
4. What does the stomach serve for?
5. Where does the food pass from the stomach?
6. Where does the liver lie?
7. What does the liver serve for?
8. What organ occupies chiefly the central portions of the abdominal cavity?
9. Describe the role of the gall-bladder.
10. How do we distinguish “small” and “large” intestines?
4. Составление кроссворда по теме “The Digestive System”.
5. Изучающее чтение и перевод текста “The Digestive System and the Process of Digestion and Absorption”
6. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. How are nutrients supplied to the body?
2. What processes are known as digestion and absorption?
3. What do we call the parts of the digestive tube?
4. Is glucose absorbed from the stomach or small intestine?
5. Water and drugs are absorbed through the stomach walls, aren’t they?
7. Составьте письменно план текста и обсудите его в парах.
8. Поисковое чтение текста “Gastritis”.
1)Вы пишите предложения выражающие основную мысль из каждого абзаца.
2) Составьте вопросы к выписанным предложениям.
3) Задайте эти вопросы своим одногрупникам.
9. Повторение грамматического материала герундий.
Герундий—это неличная форма глагола, которая, как и причастие I, образуется с помощью окончания -ing, прибавляемого с соответствующими орфографическими изменениями к основе глагола.
В русском языке соответствующей герундию формы нет.
По значению к герундию близки такие русские отглагольные существительные, как хождение, ожидание и т. д.
Поскольку формы герундия в русском языке нет, он переводится на русский язык различными другими частями речи: существительным, инфинитивом, деепричастием, а также придаточными предложениями:
You must stop smoking. Вы должны перестать курить.
I cannot diagnose a disease Я не могу поставить диагноз,
without examining the не осматрев больного.
patient.
Vomiting blood is a symptom Рвота кровью — симптом
of a severe disease. тяжелой болезни.
I remember hearing about this Я помню, что слышал
disease. об этой болезни.
Герундий имеет некоторые свойства имени существительного, а именно:
а) Он может, как и существительное, иметь перед собой предлог:
Thank you for helping me. Спасибо вам, что вы помогаете мне.
I think of going to a sanatorium. Я думаю поехать в санаторий.
б) Он может, как и существительное, иметь перед собой определение, выраженное притяжательным местоимением или именем существительным в притяжательном падеже:
I have heard about (of) Я слышал, что Петров очень
Petrov's performing these хорошо выполняет эти операции.
operations very well.
4. Самоконтроль по тестовым заданиям данной темы.
1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на то, что герундий может быть переведен не только инфинитивом, но и существительным, деепричастием, а также придаточным предложением:
1. I insist on your giving up smoking. 2. Vomiting blood (haemotemesis) is a symptom of some dangerous diseases. 3. Though it was late he continued working in order to finish the report for the next day. 4. Take this medicine before going to bed. 5. He has already finished dressing the wound. 6. It would be difficult to diagnose a disease without examining the patient. 7. The doctor prefers performing an operation instead of treating the patient conservatively. 8. On listening to the heart he detected no abnormalities. 9. I can’t insist on confirming the diagnosis without taking into account the Professor’s opinion.
plete the sentences using some of the following words: stomach, cavity, intestine, pancreas, liver, gall-bladder, GI tract.
1. It is the …………..that secretes bile which participates in the digestive process and has a defensive function.
2. The large …………….. is up to 2 1/2 inches wide.
3. The ………….. serves as a container of food.
4. The …….……. serves as a bile reservoir.
5. The major functions of the ……………. are digestion and excretion.
3. Say true or false:
1. Every cell of the human body takes certain chemical nutrients from the air that surrounds it.
2. The passing of the molecules through tissues is called digestion.
3. The human digestive tract is a muscular tube up to 8-10 meters in length.
4. Digestion involves the mixing of food, its movement through the digestive tract, and the chemical breakdown of the large molecules of food into smaller molecules.
5. The glands include the salivary glands, bladder and the spleen.
6. Each gland produces secretions.
7. The salivary glands are connected by ducts to the stomach.
8. Water is absorbed in the esophagus.
9. Drugs are absorbed in the stomach.
10. Bacterial decomposition takes place in the stomach.
4. Из пары слов, данных в скобках, выберите подходящее по смыслу:
1. After the … working day I felt like having a good rest (tiring, tired).
2. This food is … so it is not recommended for those who suffer from gastritis (irritating, irritated).
3. The doctor demonstrated some new techniques and the students became … in them (interesting, interested).
4. The patient will be … if he follows all the doctor’s recommendations (curing, cured).
5. She could not sleep because of that … noise in the street (annoying, annoyed).
6. The news about his death was …, so we all were … when we heard it (shocking, shocked).
5. Fill in the blanks with the words below and translate the text paying attention to the translation of participles I and II.
bacteria body delicate disease eyes germs line liquids membrane moisture mouth nose parts prick skin sneeze stomach injury entering |
How the body fights disease.
The 1 _____ is often called “the body’s first 2 _____ of defense”. It acts as armour, resisting many germs that might harm the more 3 _____ parts of the 4 _____. Any 5 _____ in the skin, even a pin 6 _____, provides an opening for 7 _____ of germs. Some 8 _____ enter the body through the 9 ____ and 10 _____ and other natural openings. These areas provide warmth and 11 _____, in which germs thrive. When the 12 _____ of the nose and throat becomes irritated, we cough or 13 _____, blowing out the unwanted substances.
Other body 14 _____ also provide a defense against 15 _____. Tears, for example, wash 16 _____ from the 17 _____. Tears also contain substances that fight bacteria. Acid in the 18 _____ kills many germs before they can reach other 19 _____ of the body.
5. Самоконтроль по ситуационным заданиям.
1. Предложите ситуации из медицинской практики, которые можно было бы описать следующим высказыванием: „When you hear hoofbeats behind you, don't expect to see a zebra.” (Theodore Woodward, University of Maryland, Baltimore)
2. You are going to make a report at the scientific conference “Modern medicine”. The teacher suggested you to chose from one of the following topics: “Protective functions of the liver” and “Coordination of the activity of digestive organs by the nervous system”. Make a presentation of the chosen topic.
3. You are a doctor on duty. There is an emergency patient waiting for your examination. He has the problems with digestion. Ask him for the complains and make up a case history. Pay attention to all necessary entries: FH, PH, FPI.
4. Your patient is suffering from constipation. Explain the possible causes of such condition and give your recommendations. For example: following irregular diet, eating unhealthy food, e. t.c.
6. Перечень практических умений по изучаемой теме.
1. Владеть навыками монологической и диалогической речи, использовать новую лексику, уметь вести беседу по изучаемой теме.
2. Владеть навыками изучающего чтения, извлекая необходимую информацию.
3. Уметь переводить письменно со словарем оригинальный текст по специальности.
7. Рекомендации по выполнению НИРС.
1. “Diseases of the Digestive System”
2. “Liver and it’s role in the process of digestion”
8. Рекомендованная литература по теме занятия.
основная: Английский язык: Учебник для медицинских вузов и медицинских специалистов
дополнительная: англо-русские, русско-английские словари, грамматические справочники.
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