Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины «Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции» (стр. 9 )

ОБРАЗЕЦ: Законопроект был принят единогласно.	MODEL: The Bill has been passed unanimously.	Present Perfect, Passive Voice
Убийство было совершено три дня назад.
Каждый день совершается множество преступлений.
Завтра ему предъявят обвинение в грабеже.
Французское слово "деликт" означает "правонарушение".
Суд вынес решение в пользу истца.
Сейчас обсуждается закон о нарушении авторских прав.
Этот предприниматель объявил себя банкротом на про-шлой неделе.
Судья слушал показания свидетелей вчера весь день.
Врачу был предъявлен иск в небрежности.
Изменения в договорное право будут обсуждаться завтра с 11 до 15 часов.

3. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в пред-ложении, подчеркните инфинитив, назовите его функцию:

MODEL: To arrive to a verdict is the main jury's task.	ОБРАЗЕЦ: Вынести вердикт - главная задача при-сяжных.	Indefinite Ac-tive, подлежа-щее
Tort law requires no express agreement between the parties for a duty to arise.
Criminal law involves punishment to deter the individual found guilty from repeating his wrong.
The aim of cross-examination is to weaken or destroy the ear-lier evidence.
To win an action in negligence a plaintiff must show that a duty of care existed between himself and the defendant at the time of the tort.
The next tort to consider is nuisance.
A person who suffers a wrong has a choice to sue either in the law of contract or in tort.
The choice may depend upon which case is easier to prove.

4. Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении, подчеркните инфинитив в английском предложении:

ОБРАЗЕЦ: Палата Лордов не может отклонить законопроект, касающийся денег.	MODEL: The House of Lords can not reject a Bill relating to money.
Тяжкое убийство - это преступление, которое трудно доказать.
Американский конгресс имеет исключительное право принимать законы о банкротстве.
Задача уголовного законодательства - охрана личности, ее прав и свобод, интересов общества и государства.
Чтобы обыскать частное владение, полицейский должен иметь ордер.
Доказать виновность обвиняемого - задача прокурора.

5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на грамматические конструкции Complex Object и Complex Subject:

MODEL: Federal and State court sytems are said to be alike in structure.	ОБРАЗЕЦ: Говорят, что системы федеральных судов и судов штатов похожи по структуре.
Double taxation of income is considered to be the main disadvantage of a cor-poration
The term "act" is interpreted to include a failure to act where there is a positive duty.
The reorganization/bankruptcy court can require the government to refrain from collecting that debt.
Defense hoped the conviction of murder to be reduced to manslaughter/
Shoplifting is reported to have increased since last month.
Burglary is said to be typical common law crime.
A contract is considered to be valid if it is enforceable by both parties.

6. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя грамматические конструкции Complex Object и Complex Subject:

ОБРАЗЕЦ: Судья приказал, чтобы пресса покинула зал заседаний.

MODEL: The Judge ordered the press to leave the

	court-room.
Адвокат защиты видел, что представленные доказательства не убедили присяжных.
Грабитель заставил жертву отдать свои вещи.
Маловероятно, что это преступление будет раскрыто.
Сообщили, что банк был ограблен.
Газеты сообщили, что президент банка обвиняется в растрате.
Видели, что вор проник в дом через окно.

7. Прочитайте и переведите текст, ответьте на вопросы после текста:

ТЕКСТ	ПЕРЕВОД
Criminal law involves prosecution by the government of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime. Civil cases, on the other hand, involve individ-uals and organizations seeking to resolve legal disputes. In a criminal case, the state, through a prosecutor, initiates the suit, while in a civil case the victim brings the suit. Persons convicted of a crime may be incarcerated, fined, or both. Howev-er, persons found liable in a civil case may only have to give up property or pay money, but are not incarcerated.
A "crime" is any act or omission (of an act) in violation of a public law forbid-ding or commanding it. Though there are some common law crimes, most crimes in the United States are established by local, state, and federal governments. Criminal laws vary significantly from state to state. There is, however, a Model Penal Code (MPC) which serves as a good starting place to gain an understanding of the basic structure of criminal liability.
Crimes include both felonies (more serious offenses - like murder or rape) and misdemeanors (less serious offenses - like petty theft or jaywalking). Felonies are usually crimes punishable by imprisonment of a year or more, while misdemean-ors are crimes punishable by less than a year. However, no act is a crime if it has not been previously established as such either by statute or common law. Recent-ly, the list of Federal crimes dealing with activities extending beyond state bound-aries or having special impact on federal operations, has grown.
All statutes describing criminal behavior can be broken down into their various elements. Most crimes (with the exception of strict-liability crimes) consist of two elements: an act, or "actus reus," and a mental state, or "mens rea". Prosecutors have to prove each and every element of the crime to yield a conviction. Further-more, the prosecutor must persuade the jury or judge "beyond a reasonable doubt" of every fact necessary to constitute the crime charged. In civil cases, the plaintiff needs to show a defendant is liable only by a "preponderance of the evidence," or more than 50%.

ВОПРОС	ОТВЕТ
Who initiates a criminal case?
Who initiates a civil case?
What is a crime?
What helps to understand the basic structure of criminal liability?
How are crimes classified?
Name some serious crimes.
What do most crimes consist of?
What is required form a prosecutor?

8. Прочитайте текст и заполните нижеследующую таблицу:

The person initiating the civil suit is known as the plaintiff, and the person being sued is the defendant or the respondent. A civil action is known by the names of the plaintiff and the defendant, such as Jones v. Miller. In a typical situation, the plaintiff's attorney pays a fee and files a complaint or petition with the

clerk of the proper court. The complaint states the facts on which the action is based, the damages alleged, and the judgment or relief being sought.

The decision about which court should actually hear the case involves the concepts of jurisdiction and venue: Jurisdiction deals with a court's authority to exercise judicial power, and venue means the place where that power should be exercised.

Jurisdictional requirements are satisfied when the court has legal authority over both the subject matter and the person of the defendant. This means that several courts can have jurisdiction over the same case. Suppose, for example, that a resident of Dayton, Ohio, is seriously injured in an automobile accident in Tennessee when the car he is driving is struck from the rear by a car driven by a resident of Kingsport, Tennessee. Total damages to the Ohio driver and car come to about $80,000. A state trial court in Ohio has subject matter jurisdiction, and Ohio can in all likelihood obtain jurisdiction over the defendant. In addition, the state courts of Tennessee probably have jurisdiction. Federal district courts in both Ohio and Tennessee also have jurisdiction because diversity of citizenship exists and the amount in controversy is over $75,000. Assuming that jurisdiction is the only concern, the plaintiff can sue in any of these courts.

The determination of proper venue may be prescribed by statute based on avoiding possible prejudice, or it may simply be a matter of convenience. The federal law states that proper venue is the district in which either the plaintiff or defendant resides, or the district where the injury occurred.

Venue questions may also be related to the perceived or feared prejudice of either the judge or the pro-spective jury. Attorneys sometimes object to trials being held in a particular area for this reason and may move for a change of venue.

Once the appropriate court has been determined and the complaint has been filed, the court clerk will attach a copy of the complaint to a summons, which is then issued to the defendant. The summons may be served by personnel from the sheriff's office, a U. S. marshal, or a private process-service agency.

The summons directs the defendant to file a response, known as a pleading, within a certain period of time (usually 30 days). If the defendant does not do so, then he or she may be subject to a default judg-ment.

These simple actions by the plaintiff, clerk of the court, and a process server set in motion the civil case. What happens next is a flurry of activities that precedes an actual trial and may last for several months. Approximately 75 percent of cases are resolved without a trial during this time.

Figures, Dates, No-tions	Facts, Events, Definitions
Model: a plaintiff	Model: a person initiating the civil suit
a defendant
a complaint
jurisdiction
venue
$80,000
$75,000
a summons
30 days
75

4. Комплекты экзаменационных билетов

Основные требования к ответу по экзаменационному билету:

Вопрос 1 включает задания, направленные на проверку навыков чтения и понимания тек-ста на иностранном языке; умения дать адекватный литературный перевод текста на иностранном языке.

Вопрос 2 включает задания, направленные на проверку умения дать правильные ответы на поставленные вопросы по содержанию текста

Вопрос 3 включает задания, направленные на проверку навыков говорения в монологиче-ской форме. С этой целью студенты представляют подготовленное сообщение, соответствующее тематике программы курса, и участвуют в неподготовленной беседе с экзаменатором по содержа-нию этой темы.