Грамматика и лексика

Грамматика и лексика (базовый уровень)

Задание 1

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 1 – 7, так чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 1 – 7.

Modern world of sports knows many kinds of gymnastics. One of them, rhythmic gymnastics 1__________________ out of modern gymnastics and the Swedish system of free exercise in the 19-th century.	GROW
It was called “aesthetic gymnastics” as the students 2__________________ express feelings and emotions through body movement. It combined elements of ballet, gymnastics, and theatrical dance.	CAN
Young 3__________________ exercised to music, moving from simple calisthenics to more energetic activities. A growing number of men are participating in this kind of sport now.	WOMAN
In the 1880s in Switzerland various exercises to music were created. They were designed to give grace of movement, and a much 4__________________ pose.	GOOD
A degree of difficulty for each movement 5__________________ by the European Sport Association after the World War I. So all the elements were graded accordingly.	DEVELOP
In 1906 rhythmic gymnastics was introduced to North America, but the sport 6__________________ much popularity.	NOT GAIN
Ten European countries 7__________________ part in the first world championship, held in 1973 in Budapest, Hungary. The United States did not begin competing in the biennial world championship until 1973.	TAKE

· Критерии оценивания задания 1

Задание 2

It often happens that one kind of sport gives birth to another. This is the case for bandy. It probably originated as a form of field hockey on ice and is the 1__________________ likely ancestor of modern ice hockey.	MORE
The origin of the sport is not known. "Bandy" was often used as a term for any game 2__________________ with a stick and a ball. The players pushed the wooden ball with the stick.	PLAY
Bandy was originally a form of field hockey, held on grass during the summer and on ice during the the 1890s it 3__________________ mostly an ice sport.	BECOME
Modern bandy 4__________________ in England about 1800 in Bury Fen.	CREATE
The region had many marshes that froze quickly during the winter and were 5__________________ than ponds because they're obviously shallower.	SAFE
A Bury Fen player introduced bandy to Sweden in 1894, and it 6__________________ quickly to other Scandinavian countries, as well as Switzerland, Germany, and Russia.	SPREAD
The Bandy World Championships have been held since 1957 with Russia and Sweden dominating. Another major international tournament is the World Cup in Lusdal, Sweden. This annual tournament 7__________________ in October with the best club teams from each country competing.	HOLD

· Критерии оценивания задания 2

Задание 3

Where did the Olympic Games come from?

There are many different stories about the beginning of the Olympics. One myth says that Zeus himself started the Games. Athletic games 1__________________ as an important part of many religious festivals in ancient Greek culture.	HOLD
Olympia was one of the 2__________________ religious centers in the ancient Greek world.	OLD
The 3__________________ sight at Olympia was the gold and ivory statue of Zeus.	IMPRESSIVE
The statue was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. This explains why Olympia 4__________________ as the site for the most important athletic competition.	CHOOSE
Some athletes travelled hundreds of miles, from colonies. These colonies were as far away as modern Spain, Egypt, Ukraine and Turkey. Any free-born Greek (a man or a boy) 5__________________ take part in the Olympics.	CAN
6__________________ did not compete, they were also barred from attending the games, under penalty of death. Unmarried girls were allowed to attend.	WOMAN
Unlike the modern Olympics, judges 7__________________ from all over the world, but were drawn from Elis, the local region which included Olympia.	COME

· Критерии оценивания задания 3

НЕ нашли? Не то? Что вы ищете?

A.	Controlling skies	E.	Blocked roads
B.	Lack of safety	F.	Paid roads
C.	Bicycle is faster	G.	Improving railways
D.	Office at home	H.	Buses instead of cars

1.	The world's first public passenger railway was built in Great Britain in 1826 and ran between the industrial north-eastern towns of Stockton and Darlington. After 180 years experience the British say that their trains still don't seem to run efficiently or even safely. On average, about 500 accidents with broken rail tracks happen in the country every year.
2.	The British government is promising to give Ј33.5 billion to modernise the railways before 2010. Another Ј30 billion is to come from the private sector. The main target is to increase safety and speed. For example, new London-to-Scotland high-speed trains significantly reduce journey times and in 2004 a warning system was installed throughout the country.
3.	Statistics show that only 12% of all journeys made in Britain are by public transport. The remaining 88% are made by car. Every year British people spend about two weeks travelling to and from work including nine days in their own cars. But anyone will say this isn't a quick and easy way to travel. In fact, a journey from London to Manchester frequently takes seven hours. A cyclist could get there quicker.
4.	Every year there are about half a million traffic jams in Britain. That is nearly 10,000 a week. There are hundreds of big traffic jams every day. According to the forecast, the number of jams will grow by 20 per cent over the next ten years. Nearly a quarter British people find themselves in a jam every day and 55 per cent at least once a week.
5.	Nowadays many British people take their children to school by car. Twenty years ago, nearly one in three primary school children made their own way to school. Now only one child in nine makes their own way. During the school year at 08:50 a. m. one car in five on the roads in any British town is taking children to school. The solution could be special school buses widely used in the USA.
6.	Many scientists hope that new technologies allowing more people to work at home may help with traffic problems. Fewer people will work from 9 to 5 and travel to and from work during the rush hour. But only 15% of people now want to spend more time working at home. The workplace is, for many people, a place to meet other people and to talk to them, so they would miss it if they worked from home.
7.	In 1903, the Wright brothers made the first aeroplane flight. It only lasted 12 seconds but changed the world forever. A century later, air travel is no longer a miracle, it is part of everyday life. One billion air passengers now fly every year - that's equivalent to a sixth of the world's population. To make sure everything runs smoothly, there are special air traffic control centres in each country which watch every aeroplane.

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Установите соответствие заголовков A – H текстам 1 – 7. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A.	Useful Invention	E.	Verbal Misunderstanding
B.	US Younger Generation	F.	Britain, the World Empire
C.	Modern Branch of Industry	G.	All in One
D.	Historical Separation	H.	Old Enough

1.	For 150 years America was a British colony. At that time British and American English were almost exactly the same. When America won the War of Independence in 1776, it became a free country. The USA was quickly growing richer, and millions of Europeans came to settle here. They brought new words and expressions to the language. As a result, English in America began to develop in its own way and today, there are certain differences in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and spelling between American and British English.
2.	Typical American teenagers are in fact very ordinary. They think their teachers make them work too hard, they love their parents but are sure they don’t understand anything, and their friendships are the most important things in their lives. Some of them do have a lot of money to spend, but usually they have earned it themselves. Most young people take jobs while they are in school. They work at movie theatres, fast-food restaurants, gas stations, and stores to pay for their clothes and entertainment. Maybe this is what makes them so independent from their parents at such a young age?
3.	Is it possible to have one device with the functions of a TV-set, a PC and the Internet? With the advent of Internet TV it has become a reality. Imagine watching a film on TV and getting information on the actors in the film at the same time! To enter web-addresses and write e-mails you use a remote control and an on-screen keyboard or an optional wireless clicking a button, you can also read adverts, ‘chat’ with a friend, plan your holiday and play your favourite video games. And in the future you’ll be able to change the plot of the film you are watching!
4.	When do you stop being a child and become an adult? There are lots of laws about the age when you can start doing things. In Britain, for example, you can get married at 16, but you cannot get a tattoo until you are 18. In most American states you can have a driving licence at 17, but you cannot drink until you are 21. In Russia you can be put to prison when you are 16, but you cannot vote until you are 18. In fact, most European countries and the US have the same age for voting: 18. Many people, however, think that this is unfair. They would like to vote at an earlier age.
5.	Blue jeans were a by-product of the Gold Rush. The man who invented jeans, Levi Strauss, emigrated from Germany to San Francisco in 1850. Levi was 20 years old, and he decided to sell clothes to the miners who were in California in search of gold. When he was told that durable trousers were the most needed item of clothing, Levi began making jeans of heavy tent canvas. Levi’s jeans were an immediate success. Soon he switched from canvas to a cotton fabric which came from Nimes, a city in France. The miners called it ‘denim’ and bought a lot of trousers from Strauss.
6.	Some fifty years ago people hadn’t even heard of computers, and today we cannot imagine our life without puter technology is now the fastest-growing industry in the world. The first computer was the size of a minibus and weighed a ton. Today, its job can be done by a chip the size of a pinhead. And the revolution is still going on. Very soon we’ll have computers that we’ll wear on our wrists or even in our glasses and ear-rings. Such wearable computers are now being developed in the USA.
7.	Some American words are simply unknown on the other side of the Atlantic, and vice versa. But a lot of words exist in both variants, and these can cause trouble. British visitors to America are often surprised at the different meanings that familiar words have acquired there. If an Englishman asks in an American store for a vest, he will be offered a waistcoat. If he wants to buy a handbag for his wife, he should ask for a purse, and if she wants to buy a pair of tights, she should ask for pantyhose: tights in America are what ballet dancers wear.

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A.	Perfect Solution	E.	Demographic Catastrophe
B.	Army Invention for Everyone	F.	Are They So Bad?
C.	Packed Planet?	G.	Help in Future
D.	Borrowings in English	H.	Amazing Substance

1.	The next generation of computers will be able to talk and even think for themselves. They will contain electronic ‘neural networks’. Of course, they’ll be still a lot simpler than human brains, but it will be a great step forward. Such computers will help to diagnose illnesses, find minerals, understand and control the world’s money markets, identify criminals and control space travel. The computer revolution is changing our life greatly. People are constantly inventing new models, most of which are born in Silicon Valley, the world’s top computer-science centre.
2.	The world’s population is indeed growing very quickly. It adds up to 184 people every minute, 11,040 every hour, 264,960 every day and 97 million every year! Just imagine how many people there will be on our planet by the year 2050 if the present trend continues. Of course, the world’s population hasn’t always expanded so quickly. In fact, the number of people on the planet started off growing very slowly. That’s because people didn’t live as long as they do today. As time passed, better medical care and cleaner water helped people live longer.
3.	According to the ‘older generation’ teenagers are lazy, they wear ridiculous clothes and are appallingly rude to their elders and betters. They find it impossible to be polite, helpful, constructive or hard-working. Actually, it seems to me to be quite the opposite of the truth. Teenagers spend a lot of time thinking about their studies, families and friends and their hobbies. Sure, there are preoccupations like clothes, money, their bodies. But isn’t it the same for most people? So what about the myth that all teenagers are rude, selfish, lazy and greedy? I consider it nonsense.
4.	The most famous traditional British dress is undoubtedly the Scottish kilt. The particular pattern of tartan, the checked fabric from which kilts are made, represents the family clan the person is from. During WWI Scottish soldiers still wore kilts. Well-known for their bravery they terrified the enemy by their fierce attacks as well as their brightly coloured ‘skirts’. The only problem was that the Germans could often see them from a long way away because of the bright colours that are often used in tartan. So what did the Scotsmen do? They started wearing a khaki kilt over their ‘coloured’ one!
5.	70% of the Earth’s surface is water. Water once covered the whole surface of our planet. When the oceans were being formed 4,000 million years ago, it rained for over 60,000 years without stopping! And, amazingly, that same water is still around today because it’s being recycled all the time. The sun dries the land and sucks the water up into the air, and then it falls as rain. In fact, most of the water on this planet is over 3,000 million years old, so if it tastes a bit funny, it’s hardly surprising. Another fact is that only 2.6% of the world’s water is fresh, not salt.
6.	Have you ever wondered why the English language has different words for animals and meats? When William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066, French became the official language of the court. The English would look after the animals and cook the meat, still calling the animals pig, sheep and cow. The Normans, when they saw the cooked meat arrive at their table, would use French words – pork, mutton and beef. An amazing 10,000 loan words entered English during this period, including such words as table, chair, carpet, country – and, of course, many words for food.
7.	T-shirts started off as underwear. During WWI, European soldiers wore them underneath their uniforms to keep warm. American troops copied the idea and started calling them ‘T-shirts’ because of their T the 1960s T-shirts had conquered the world. Sport teams, clubs and rock bands were all using colours and logos on their ‘tees’ to get noticed. Today, T-shirts are worn in every corner of the world. They are worn by babies, kids, teenagers and adults. They tell others what we like, where we’ve been, and what competitions we’ve won. They are also used to make statements.
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