4. The following punishments for crime can be inflicted: life imprisonment, imprisonment consisting in corrective training or preventive detention; detention centres for juvenile delinquents, persons between 16 and 21, convicted of offences punishable with imprisonment; fine, a money penalty, generally imposed for minor offences; probation4 – placing the offender under the supervision of a probation officer5 and so on.
5. The defendant may appeal against the sentence to the Court of Appeal up to the House of Lords, which is the supreme judicial body of Great Britain.
6. Поставьте 5 различных типов вопросов к тексту.
Вариант 9
1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет:
а) показатель 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Indefinite;
б) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Jury consists of twelve jurors who are ordinary people.
2. The foundation of this city dates back to the beginning of XIV century.
3. The author mentions this phenomenon in his articles.
4. The 185-feet-high Nelson’s column is in the middle of the square.
5. The National Flag of the Republic of Belarus is used during ceremonies and other solemn events.
2. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильное слово. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. California has a case law tradition, but its laws are codified (so extensively / as extensively) as many Continental systems.
2. If you want to make a will (better / the best) man to advise you is a solicitor.
3. This book is about (more notorious / the most notorious) criminals the world has ever known.
4. It was not so (warm, warmly) a day before yesterday.
5. (The graver / graver) crimes a person commits, (the more serious / more serious) punishment he deserves.
3. Перепишите предложения. Заполните пропуски указательными местоимениями this, these, that, those.
1. Do you know … singer?
2. How much are … teapots?
3. Look at … wonderful birds!
4. Are … shoes yours?
5. Do you see … strange house?
4. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в соответствующем времени и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. After the Norman Conquest in 1066, the King’s judges gradually (to unite) the different local customs into a single body of general principles which they applied at the royal courts.
2. One of the problems which they (to discuss) now concerns the arrest of the criminal.
3. The police (to arrest) just the hijackers.
4. Next week the President (to sign) a very important agreement.
5. The accused fainted when the judge (to read) the sentence.
5. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.
LAW IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME
The absolutism of power in the monarch was typical of legal systems until the time of the Greeks around 300 B. C. Before the Greeks people believed that their laws were given to them by gods, represented by their kings. The Greek system emphasized that law was made by man, for man, and could be changed by man. Instead of being an instrument of total social control of the whole population by a monarch, the law was to serve peace and prosperity of the people.
In the year of 621 B. C., Draco, Athenian lawgiver, drew up Greece's first written code of laws. This harsh legal code punished both trivial and serious crimes in Athens with death. The word draconian (безжалостный) is still used to describe repressive legal measures.
In 594 B. C. Solon, Athens' lawgiver, repealed Draco's code and published new laws, retaining only Draco's homicide statutes. He revised every statute except that on homicide and made Athenian law more humane. He also retained an ancient Greek tradition - trial by jury. Enslaving debtors was prohibited, along with most of the harsh punishments of Draco's code. Under Solon's law citizens of Athens could be elected to the assembly and courts were established in which citizens could appeal against government decisions.
The Greek ideals were carried over into the Roman system of laws. The Greeks have contributed to the Roman system of laws the concept of «natural law». Actually, natural law was based on the idea that certain basic principles are above the laws of a nation. These principles arise from the nature of people.
As the Roman Empire increased, a set of law was codified to handle the most sophisticated legal questions of the day. This was done under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (from AD 529 to 565). This collection of laws and legal interpretations was called Corpus Juris Civilis («Body of Civil Law») and also the Justinian Code.
French Emperor Napoleon made some modification of the Justinian Code of the beginning of the nineteenth century. Napoleon Code is still the model for the legal codes governing most of the modern nation-states of Europe today.
6. Поставьте 5 различных типов вопросов к тексту.
Вариант 10
1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет:
а) показатель 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Indefinite;
б) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. In civil action solicitors have the right to speak in the lowest courts.
2. The workers' salary here is very modest.
3. Teams of figure skaters and ice-hockey players undergo intensive training here.
4. This British works produces a lot of sophisticated goods.
5. When the thirteen American colonies broke away from Great Britain after the Revolutionary War, the colonists adopted the principles of the Magna Carta and the Common law.
2. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильное слово. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. Right up to the end of the seventeenth century English judges were (more / the most) or less tools of the monarch.
2. It is (easier / more easier) to make laws than to enforce them.
3. Criminal cases are brought by the state against a person or persons accused of having committed a crime.
4. Constitutions are the supreme sources of law.
5. Being in the centre of Europe, Belarus intends to take an active part in integration processes.
3. Перепишите предложения. Выберите правильный вариант местоимения.
1. Simone came to see us (the other, another) day; she looked very well.
2. Terry plays football every (other, the other) week.
3. Do you think I could borrow (another, the other) 5 000$ this week?
4. I would like Gill and Tom to stay after class, (others, the others) can go home.
5. The price is sixty pounds a week, then ten pounds for (each, some) extra day.
4. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в соответствующем времени и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The students (to know) the results of the examination next week.
2. The two countries signed the treaty after the war (to finish).
3. The names of some streets and squares (to be) living history of the City.
4. The plaintiff is a person who (to bring) an action in civil law.
5. Next week the President (to sign) a very important agreement.
5. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.
HISTORY OF THE LAW
Since the time when people first began living together, rules have been adopted to protect individuals and groups and to govern their relationships. Even the most ancient peoples compiled Law codes. A law code is a more or less systematic and comprehensive written statement of laws. The oldest law code is tablets from the ancient archives of the city of Ebla (now Tell Marduk, Syria), which dates to about 2400 ВС.
The earliest written law was also the Law Code of Hammurabi, a king who reigned over Babylon (on the territory of modern Iraq) around 2000 B. C. Hammurabi's Code had 282 paragraphs and was carved in cuneiform on a pillar made of very hard stone. This pillar was set up in a temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that everyone could read it.
After the fall of Babylon in the 16th century B. C. the pillar was lost for centuries. It was found again during archeological expedition among the ruins of the Persian city of Susa in 1901. Now the pillar is in Paris in the Louvre museum.
The scientists managed to read Hammurabi's Code. It dealt with many of the same subjects as our legal system today. It included real and personal property law (the rights of slave owners and slaves, inheritance and property contracts), family law (divorce and marriage), criminal law (crimes and punishment of crimes), and business law (settlement of debts and even regulations about taxes and the prices of goods).
The Code gave very harsh punishments for almost all crimes. Not only murderers but also thieves and those guilty of false accusation faced the death penalty. The punishment was based on the principle of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. The criminals had to receive the same injuries and damages they had inflicted upon their victims.
Nevertheless, the penalty according to Hammurabi's laws could not be harder than the crime. The code banned the tradition of kidnapping women as brides. The laws of Hammurabi's Code took into account the circumstances of the offender as well as the offence itself. For example, if a citizen of a lower rank lost in a civil case he had to pay fewer penalties than an aristocrat, though if he won he also was awarded less.
The laws set forth in Hammurabi's Code were written by the King - a divinely inspired authority. Only the King could change such laws. This absolutism of power of the monarch was typical of legal systems until the time of the Greeks around 300 B. C.
6. Поставьте 5 различных типов вопросов к тексту.
Список использованных источников
1. Английский язык. Профессиональная лексика юриста: пособие/ , . - 2-е изд., испр. - Минск, Выш. шк-, 2008.
2. Английский язык. Профессиональная лексика для юриста: учебное пособие/ , , . - Минск, Выш. шк-, 2014.-223 с.
3. Just English. Английский для Юристов. Базовый Курс. / [и др.] ; под ред. . — М. : Зерцало, 2003. — 256 с.
4. Грамматика: сборник упражнений / . «КАРО», 2006.
5. Murphy, R. English Grammar in Use / R. Murphy. — CUP, 1997.
Методические указания рассмотрены и утверждены на заседании цикловой комиссии социально-гуманитарных дисциплин.
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