It is for the state to protect the people and society from crime. The laboratory examination of certain physical evidence is considered, in some types of offences, to be the most important part of the investigation. The police officer wanted the young man to be invited here. This case is unlikely to be investigated quickly. This young man is unlikely to have committed a crime.

6. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите 1, 2, 4 абзацы на русский язык.

Murder

(1) In English tradition, murder was defined as the willful killing with malice aforethought of a human creature in being, the death occurring within a year and a day of the injury. Most of these elements remain in modem definitions of the crime— the requirement that the victim is "in being" for instance, dis­tinguishes abortion from murder. Many of the problems of de­fining murder have centered on the mental element—the "malice aforethought."

(2) The old English rule extended this concept to include not only intentional or deliberate killings but also acci­dental killings in the course of some other serious crime (such as robbery or rape). This rule, the felony murder rule, was adopted in many other jurisdictions, although it has often pro­duced harsh results when death has been caused accidentally in the course of what was intended to be a minor crime. The rule was abolished in England in 1957, but since then English law has been in a state of confusion over the precise definition of murder. It is now settled that an intention to kill is not necessary and that an intention to cause serious bodily injury is sufficient.

НЕ нашли? Не то? Что вы ищете?

(3) Similar problems have arisen in many U. S. jurisdictions, some of which distinguish between different degrees of murder— first-degree murder may require proof of premeditation over and above the normal requirement of the way, murder and manslaughter are not mentioned in the Koran and are subject in Islamic countries to customary law as amended by Shari'ah. [Manslaughter is the crime of killing someone illegally but not deliberately. Shari'ah is a system of religious laws followed by Muslims].

(4) Virtually all systems treat murder as a crime of the utmost gravity, providing in some cases the death penalty or a special form of sentence, such as a life sentence. A high proportion of murders in all societies is committed sponta­neously by persons acquainted with the deceased, often a mem­ber of the same family, as a result of quarrels or provocation.

7. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

What was defined as murder in English tradition? What did the old English rule extend this concept to? What may first-degree murder require in U. S. jurisdictions? What is not mentioned in the Koran?

Вариант 3

1. Перепишите предложение, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов.

In the prosecution/trial duties he had to interview people of all classes. Judges/solicitors determine controversies between parties based upon evidence and legal agreement present. Everyone stood up as the judge/ witness entered the court­room. The chief prosecutor/barrister told the court that Johnson was guilty of a horrible crime and asked for the maximum sentence. He pays very little tax because of some loophole/espionage in income tax legislation.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и выражения:

appearance, attorney, discharge, imprisonment, judiciary, observance, prosecution, summon,  power of the police, to make a will

3. Соотнесите английские и русские словосочетания:

to accept the rules  a)  адвокат council for the defence  b) законный исполнитель to appear in the court  c) вести дело legal executive  d) принимать правила to conduct the case  e) выступать в суде

4.  Перепишите предложения, подчеркните сказуемые, определите их видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения.

The conception of the police force as a protective and law enforcement organisation developed from the use of military bodies as guardians of the peace A crime was committed. They attacked the guard, and he’s still in hospital. The facts of the case are heard by a judge, or by a judge and a jury. It is always easier to prevent a legal problem from arising than to deal with a problem through litigation.

5. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский язык:

It is for the state to protect the people and society from crime. The laboratory examination of certain physical evidence is considered, in some types of offences, to be the most important part of the investigation. The police officer wanted the young man to be invited here. This case is unlikely to be investigated quickly. This young man is unlikely to have committed a crime.

6. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите 1, 2, 5, 6 абзацы на русский язык:

Police Training


(1) In England and Wales entry to the police force is open to men and women over the age of 18 and a half. Candidates must be either British or Commonwealth citizens, physically fit and have good eyesight. There are no longer any minimum height requirements. There is an educational test taken by all candidates regardless of educational achievement.

(2) All police officers go through a basic training course lasting several months and spend a total of two years as probationers. Training for probationer constables is a combination of on-the-job training and work at residential training centres.

(3) After the initial two years as probationers, they can apply for promotion to sergeant  provided they have passed the qualifying examination. Similarly, if officers have passed the inspector's examination, they can apply for promotion to that rank after two years' service as a sergeant. In order to make sure that officers selected for higher command have the best training, the Home Office has a Police Staff College at Bramshill which trains senior officers. In addition, there is an accelerated promotion scheme for graduate entrants designed to identify officers of the highest calibre for top ranks in the service; all entrants do the basic two years' training and have to sit the same examinations as any other serving officer, but are expected to move through the system much faster via the accelerated promotion course at Bramshill. The accelerated promotion course is also available for graduate and non-graduate officers with strong potential for rapid promotion to senior ranks.

(4) Regionally run courses are available for all newly promoted sergeants and inspectors, and the Police Staff College also offers a police management programme for all staff in middle management roles. Senior officers also go to the College for a variety of training courses; these include courses for officers assessed as having the potential for chief officer rank. In addition, forces provide a wide range of specialist and general training courses for officers at all stages of their careers. The Metropolitan Police Force has its own training centre at Hendon in north-west London. Many forces have developed distance-learning packages through the use of videos and closed-circuit television, the aim being to deliver training with minimum time away from operational duties.

(5) The Scottish Police College provides training for junior and senior officers and for detectives and traffic officers. There are senior command courses as well as an accelerated promotion programme. In addition, in-force training emphasises the practical application of the law in relation to officers' duties.

(6) In Northern Ireland all regular recruits have 14 weeks' initial training, following which they complete a two-year probationary period before their appointments are confirmed.


Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту: What are the requirements for candidates to police force in England? How long does a training course last? What can you tell about accelerated promotion scheme? What programmes deliver training through videos and television?

Вариант 4

1.Перепишите предложение, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов.

England is almost unique/ordinary in having two/three differ­ent kinds of lawyers, with separate/the same jobs in the legal system. Solicitors/managing clerks prepare a case for a barrister/ a judge. In a civil/criminal action solicitors have the right to speak in the lowest/ highest courts. The Law Society/Bar is a governing body of solicitors. It is a mistake to regard/to point a barrister entirely as an advo­cate/ prosecutor.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и выражения:

attempt,  break, codify, judge, lawmaker, penalty, prosecute, witness,  criminal proceeding, to plead guilty

3.Соотнесите английские и русские словосочетания:

a civil action council for the defence to appear in the court to deal with convincing to conduct the case адвокат иметь дело с составлением  нотариальных актов  вести дело гражданское дело выступать в суде


4.  Перепишите предложения, подчеркните сказуемые, определите их видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения.

After much deliberation in Parliament, the British statesman Sir Robert Peel in 1829 established the London Metropolitan Police. The problems of the family are usually talked briefly at dinner time. The suspect went to court. You don’t see much violence on the streets. A man burgled a flat and stole possessions to the tune of several hundred pounds.

5. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский язык:

I should like you to tell me the truth. We believe the prevention of crime to be one of the main functions of militia. He seems to be investigating a very complicated case. At the national level crime is seen to be a social illness and a by-product of the social system within the state. There are four methods for an American lawyer to become a judge.

6. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите его на русский язык:

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