(4) In 1663 the city of London began paying watchmen (generally old men who were unable to find other work) to guard the streets at night. Until the end of the 18th century, the watchmen — as inefficient as they were — along with a few constables, remained the only form of policing in the city.
(5) The inability of watchmen and constables to curb lawlessness, particularly in London, led to a demand for a more effective force to deal with criminals and to protect the population. After much deliberation in Parliament, the British statesman Sir Robert Peel in 1829 established the London Metropolitan Police, which became the world's first modern organised police force.
7. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту:
What is the basic police mission? Why did the quality of the constables in England decline? What principles were the British police guided by? Why is the development of the British police system especially significant?
Вариант 7
1. Перепишите предложение, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов.
The status to the barrister is bestowed by the Queen on the advice of the Lord Chancellor / Prime Minister. In order to become a barrister one must first be registered as a member of the Law Society / Bar. Many people believe the distinction between barristers and solicitors should be adopted / eliminated. The barrister career starts as a senior / junior barrister. All judges are appointed from the ranks of senior / junior barristers.2. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и выражения:
adoption, challenge, property, inherit, victim, probation, common law, source of law, court decision, customary rules.
3. Соотнесите английские и русские словосочетания:
| man-made law moral precepts forms of behaviour to regulate the relations to influence subsequent events | влиять на последующие события формы поведения вести дело гражданское дело закон, созданный человеком |
4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните сказуемые, определите их видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения.
Each police force has its own Criminal Investigation Department (CID). The police investigated the crime. People who commit/break an offence may end up in prison. A bank robber was caught by the police last night. A company has hired a truck and refuses to return it or to pay for another week's hire.5. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский язык:
The students liked the lessons to be conducted in the lab. The investigator expected him to give all the information about that fact. I happened to be there at the time of robbery. The crime is reported to have been committed by a group of young people. There is a possibility for American lawyers to enter the judicial system at any level and become a judge of the lowest court, the highest court or any court in between.6. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите 1, 3 абзацы на русский язык:
Capital Punishment
(1) Until medieval times, the death penalty was a frequently imposed criminal sanction. During the sixteenth century there was a shift in practice in Europe from the death penalty and corporal punishment to imprisonment, which has since become the major sanction for criminal acts. Although capital punishment is currently being fought by a number of organized groups and is abolished or at least restricted in many countries, it is still part of the crime control system of the majority of the world.
(2) International efforts to abolish capital punishment have not been very successful. The chances of bringing about changes are much worse at the international level than at the regional level, where unanimity is easier to achieve.
(3) The more society has felt obliged to provide justification for the death penalty, the more studies have tried to prove or disapprove the deterrent effect of capital punishment. The deterrence theory envisions potential criminals weighing the potential punishment before committing crimes. But murders are more often than not committed out of conflict situations that involve emotions rather than rational calculations. Moreover, the risk of execution is difficult to take into account because potential murderers are more likely to dissociate themselves with the people executed because they regard them as unsuccessful and socially inferior. Current research indicates that the death penalty has no consistent, demonstrable deterrent effect. There is even evidence that executions have the opposite, brutalizing effect, meaning that homicide rates increase slightly several weeks after an execution.
(4) Public opinion is currently calling for the re-establishment or the extension of capital punishment because of rising crime rates, growing violence and ineffectiveness of other forms of punishment. Although state legislatures and politicians must do everything they can to fight crime and achieve more public safety, they must not respond to such emotional demands directly.
7. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту:
What is the definition to the term “capital punishment”? What is the aim of the capital punishment? For what crimes can this penalty be imposed? How does public opinion assess the deterrent effect of the death penalty?
Вариант 8
1. Перепишите предложение, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов.
As there was no evidence, the judge dismissed the trial / case. Jean left her car in a no-parking area and had to pay a fine / evidence. Everyone stood up as the judge / witness entered the courtroom. Judge / clerk Butler gave the defendant a six-month jail sentence. The government will never legalize / ban drugs like hashish or cocaine. Solicitors work on court cases of clients in the court / outside the court.2. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и выражения:
Accused, court, disobey, guilt, plaintiff, violation, trial, life imprisonment, to deal with a case, witness for the prosecution
3. Соотнесите английские и русские словосочетания:
| Open court break the law suffer penalty to move a charge to return a verdict | открытое судебное заседание нарушать закон выдвинуть обвинение нести наказание выносить вердикт |
4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните сказуемые, определите их видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения.
England and Wales has the power to stop and search people and vehicles if there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that he or she will find stolen goods. The parcel will be delivered tomorrow morning. The victim reported the crime. You won’t go to prison if you obey the law. A car has crashed into the fence of a house.5. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский язык:
I should like you to tell me the truth. He seems to be investigating a very complicated case. It is for society to offer strong resistance to crime and its influence in every sphere of life. The defendant’s innocence is reported to have been proved. This young man is unlikely to have committed a crime.6. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите его на русский язык.
Interpol
Interpol, more correctly the International Criminal Police Organization, was created in 1923 to assist international criminal police co-operation. The organization's new name was adopted in 1956, prior to which it was known as the International Criminal Police Commission.
Interpol was founded in Austria in 1923 as the International Criminal Police Commission. The organization came under control of Nazi Germany when Germany declared the Anschluss, political union between Germany and Austria. The staff and facilities of Interpol were utilised as an information gathering unit for the Gestapo, until the Nazi regime fell to Allied forces.
Senior military officials from Britain, France, Belgium and Scandinavia reorganized Interpol into today's organization.
The United States, after a period of isolationism, joined Interpol in 1961.
Interpol is the world's second largest international organization, after the United Nations; it currently has 184 member countries. It is financed by annual contributions from its member countries, which total about EUR 30 million; however, Europol receives million annually. The Organization is headquartered in Lyon, France, formerly headquartered in Saint Cloud, a town located in the vicinity of Paris.
Because of the politically neutral role Interpol must play, its Constitution forbids any involvement in any political, military, religious, or racial crimes. Its work concentrates primarily on public safety and terrorism, organized crime, illicit drug production and drug trafficking, weapons smuggling, trafficking in human beings, money laundering, child pornography, financial and high-tech crime, and corruption.
In October 2001, the Interpol General Secretariat employed a staff of 384, representing 54 different countries. That same month, Interpol began to change from a 9-to-5 agency to a 24-hour agency, making its work more efficient.
7. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
What is Interpol? What were the main purposes of Interpol creation? What is forbidden for Interpol? Where is the Organization headquartered?Вариант 9
1. Перепишите предложение, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов.
His political reputation had been seriously damaged / convicted by the scandal. Students who obey/ break the rules and smoke in college will have to leave. The barrister career starts as a senior barrister / junior barrister. The chief prosecutor/ barrister told the court that Johnson was guilty of a horrible crime and asked for the maximum sentence. A special prosecutor / investigator was appointed to deal with that particular case.2. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и выражения:
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